Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2026 ARABIC VERSION

calgeography).Itsbeauti- ful colours are obvious – but what causes them? The darker tones are due to material that has been both made and spread by volcanoes, which leaves it rich in ‘mafic’ minerals such as olivine and pyrox- ene (both of which are prevalent in Earth’s man- tle, the layer of rock sit- ting just below our planet’s crust). Paler areas are covered by frosty deposits of car- bondioxide,whichpersist hereevenduringmartian spring (when this region was imaged). Theseblueishdepositscan be seen atop sand dunes andwithincraters.Partof a glacier, itself part of Mars’sSouthPolaricecap, canbeseentothebottom left of the frame as a pale patch of ice. The general berry-purple hueofthissceneisdueto a mix of light, dust, and frost. Mars’s atmosphere is highly variable over time, meaning that im- agesoftenshowupindif- ferentcoloursthroughout theday.Thesoftandrosy morning light here, com- bined with dust hanging intheair,ageneralground coveroffrost,andpatches ofmixed-upiceanddust scatteredacrosstheterrain,allcome together to cause the striking pur- ple tones we see. Theicyregionatthebottomleftis amound–apatchofhighelevation (seethetopographicmap,along- side).Ifitdoesn’tlookthatwayto you, instead appearing as a dip in the surface, it may be because the light is coming from a different di- rectiontotheoneoureyes‘expect’. Thesunlightiscomingfromthebot- tom of the image (the east), as shown by the shadows across the scene(seethecraterrimatthecen-tre of the image as an example). If you look at the icy region with this inmind,itmay‘fix’itself–butif NOVEMBER-DECEMBER2026 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﺗﺸــ » ﺛــﺎﻳﻠﺰ ﺛــﻮﱄ » إﱃ « « وﻫــﻮ ﻣﻜــﺎن أﺳﻄﻮري ﻳﻘﻊ وراء ﺣﺪود اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ا ﻌـﺮوف ﰲ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴـﺎ اﻟﻜﻼﺳـﻴﻜﻴﺔ . ﺗﺒـﺪو أﻟـﻮان ﻫـﺬا ا ﺸﻬﺪ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻫﻠﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ؟ ﺗﺮﺟـﻊ اﻟـﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺪاﻛﻨـﺔ إﱃ ﻣﻮاد ﺗﻜﻮّﻧﺖ واﻧﺘ ـ ﻌـﻞ ﴩت ﺑﻔ اﻟﱪاﻛـ ﺎ ﻣـ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻌﺎدن ا ﺎﻓﻴﺔ » اﻟﱪاﻛ « ، ﻣـﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻌﺎدن اﻟﺸـﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻐﻨﺴـﻴﻮم ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷوﻟﻴﻔ واﻟﺒ وﻛﺴ وﻫﻤـﺎ ﻣﻌـﺪﻧﺎن ﻳﻨﺘﴩان أﻳﻀ ﺎً ﰲ وﺷﺎح اﻷرض وﻫ ﻲ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ اﻟﺼـﺨﻮر اﻟﻮاﻗﻌـﺔ أﺳـﻔﻞ ﻗـ ـ ﴩة ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻨـﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﴍة أﻣﺎ ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻷﻓـﺘﺢ ﻟﻮﻧـ ﺎً ﻓﺘﻐﻄﻴﻬـﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﺘﺠﻤﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺼـﻞ اﻟﺮﺑﻴـﻊ ا ﺮﻳﺨﻲ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺼـﻞ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺣﺘـﻰ ﺧـﻼل ﻓﺼـﻞ اﻟﺮﺑﻴ ـﻊ ا ﺮﻳﺨــﻲ وﻫــﻮ اﻟﻔﺼـﻞ اﻟـﺬي اﻟﺘُﻘﻄـﺖ ﺧﻼﻟـﻪ اﻟﺼـﻮرة وﻳﻤﻜ ـﻦ رؤﻳ ـﺔ ﻫ ـﺬه اﻟﱰﺳﺒﺎت ذات اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷزرق ﻋﲆ ﻗﻤـ ﻢ اﻟﻜﺜﺒـﺎن اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴـﺔ ودا ﺧـﻞ اﻟﻔﻮﻫــﺎت وﰲ أﺳــﻔﻞ ﻳﺴــﺎ ر اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻳﻈﻬـﺮ ﺟـﺰء ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻬـﺮ ﺟﻠﻴﺪي وﻫﻮ ﺟـﺰء ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐﻄـﺎ ء اﻟﺠﻠﻴــﺪي اﻟﻘﻄﺒــﻲ اﻟﺠﻨــﻮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻳﺦ ﻋﲆ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ رﻗﻌﺔ ﺷـﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ وﻳﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻠـﻮن اﻟﻌـﺎم اﻷرﺟﻮاﻧﻲ إﱃ ﻟﻮن اﻟﺘﻮت ﰲ ﻫـﺬا ا ﺸـﻬﺪ إﱃ ﻣــﺰﻳﺞ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻀـﻮء واﻟﻐﺒﺎر واﻟﺼﻘﻴﻊ ﻓﻐﻼف ا ـﺮﻳﺦ اﻟﺠﻮي ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻐ ﻣـﻊ ﻣـﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ أن اﻟﺼـﻮر ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﺑــﺄﻟﻮان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ ﺧـﻼل ﺳــﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻴـﻮم وﻫﻨـﺎ ﺗﺠﺘﻤ ـ ﻊ إﺿﺎءة اﻟﺼﺒﺎح اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ واﻟﻮردﻳﺔ ﻣـﻊ اﻟﻐ ﺒــﺎر اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻖ ﰲ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠــﻮي وﻃﺒﻘــ ﺔ ﻋﺎﻣــﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺼﻘﻴﻊ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ رﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻴـﺪ واﻟﻐﺒـﺎر ا ﺨﺘﻠﻄــ وا ﺘﻨــﺎﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﻋــﱪ اﻟﺘﻀﺎرﻳﺲ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻌ اﻟـ ﺎً ﺪرﺟﺎ ت اﻷرﺟﻮاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮاﻫﺎ أﻣﺎ ا ﻨﻄﻘــﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪﻳــﺔ ﰲ أﺳــ ﻔﻞ اﻟﻴﺴـﺎر ﻓﻬـﻲ ﻋﺒـﺎرة ﻋـﻦ ﺗــﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ أي رﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻄ ﺢ ذات ارﺗﻔﺎع أﻛـﱪ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ذﻟـﻚ اﻟﺮﺳــﻢ اﻟﻄﺒـــﻮﻏﺮاﰲ ﰲ أﻋــ ﲆ اﻟﺼﻮرة وإذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﺒـﺪُ ﻟـﻚ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ وﺑﺪ ت ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀًـﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﺒﺐ أن اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻳـﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ » « أﻋﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻋﺎدةً . ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣـﻦ أﺳـﻔﻞ اﻟﺼﻮرة أي ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ اﻟـ ﴩق ـ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺗﻮﺿـﺢ اﻟﻈﻼل ا ﻤﺘﺪة ﻋﱪ ا ﺸﻬﺪ ) اﻧﻈـﺮ اﱃ ﺣ ﺎﻓـﺔ اﻟﺠﺮف ﰲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜـﺎل .( وﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻈﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﻫﺔ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ وﺳـﻂ اﻟﺼـﻮرة وإذا ﻧﻈـﺮت إﱃ ا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺗﻈﻬـــــﺮ ﻫـــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــــﻮرة " ﺛـــــﺎ ﻠﺲ ــــﺲ رو ﻋﻠـــــﻰ ﻮﻛـــــﺐ اﻟﻤـــــﺮ ﺦ ﻓـــــﻲ . ﺳ ﺎق أوﺳﻊ [NASA/USGS] 35 ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 6