Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2026 ARABIC VERSION

not, try flipping the image upside down, and this may help you visu- alise the topography correctly. TherockycliffsofThylesRupescan reachtoweringheightsofover1km tallinsomeplaces.Theyarethought to be tectonic in nature, meaning thatthecliffsformedastwopartsof Mars’s crust were pushed together, causing one to rise up above the other.Thislikelyhappenedasthein- teriorofMarsbegantocool,caus- ingittocontractanddeformingthe planet’s crust above. Some blocks of Mars’ssurfacewouldhavebeen pushedupwardsviathisprocess, forming steep cliffs – as seen here. UnlikeEarth,present-dayMarslacks active tectonics. While we see the evidencetoday,theprocessesonce atplayhereoccurredbillionsof years ago. Thyles Rupes is found in the region near Mars’s south pole, in the planet’s southern highlands. It ex- tends for hundreds of kilometres, slicing across terrain that’s heavily covered in impact craters. Whilesomeofthesecratersarecut throughbythecliffs,indicatingthat they formed first and that Thyles Rupescameafter,otherslieontop, indicating the opposite. Different kinds of sand dunes can alsobeseenhere,mostprominently intherippledpatchesofwhitevisi-ble to the lower-right of centre. Winds blowing from all directions have picked up and carried sand acrossthemartiansurface,forming dunes of various shapes and types (including longitudinal and trans- versedunes–long,parallelscratches thatformparalleltooratrightan-gles to the wind direction, respec-tively – and sickle-shaped barcha- noidridges).     NOVEMBER-DECEMBER2026 ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻈـﺮ اﱃ ا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ا ﺘﺠﻤـﺪة ﺑﻬـﺬه اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺼﺤﺢ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ نوإ ﻟـﻢ ﻳﺤﺪث ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺠﺮب أن ﺗ ﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﺼﻮرة رأﺳﺎً ﻋﲆ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺼﻮر ﺗﻀـﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺻـﺤﻴﺤﺔ . ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﻳﺼـﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺠﺮوف اﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ " ﺛﺎﻳﻠﺰ روﺑـﺲ " إﱃ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰ واﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ا ﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻌﺘوﻳ ﻘﺪ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﺮوف ذات أﺻﻞ ﺗﻜﺘـﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﻧـﺪﻓﻊ ﺟـﺰءان ـ ﻣﻦ ﻗ ﴩة ا ﺮ ﻳﺦ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ أدى إﱃ ﻣﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع أﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻮق اﻵﺧﺮ وﻣـﻦ ا ـﺮﺟﺢ أن ذﻟﻚ ﺣﺪث ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺪأ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ا ﺮﻳﺦ ﰲ اﻟﺘﱪد ﻣﺎ أدى إﱃ اﻧﻜﻤﺎﺷﻪ وﺗﺸﻮه اﻟ ـ ﻘﴩة ا ﻮﺟـﻮدة ﻓﻮﻗﻪ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﺾ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ا ﺮﻳﺦ ﻗﺪ ا ﻧﺪﻓﻌﺖ إﱃ أﻋﲆ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﺟﺮوف ﺷﺪﻳﺪة اﻻﻧﺤﺪار ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮاﻫـﺎ . ﻫﻨﺎ وﻋـﲆ ﻋﻜـﺲ اﻷرض ﻻ ﻳﻤﺘﻠـﻚ ا ـﺮ ﻳﺦ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎً ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎً ﻧﺸﻄﺎً وﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺮ ى اﻷدﻟﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻴﻮم ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻫﻨﺎ وﻗﻌﺖ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﻣﻠﻴﺎ رات اﻟﺴﻨ . " ﺗﻘﻊ ﺛﺎﻳﻠﺰ روﺑﺲ " ﰲ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻳﺦ ﺿـﻤﻦ ا ﺮ ﺗﻔﻌـﺎت اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺐ وﺗﻤ ﺘﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﺮوف ﺌﺎت اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺐ وﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﺮوف ﺌﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻠ ـﻮﻣﱰات، ﻋ ـﺎﺑﺮةً ﺗﻀ ـﺎرﻳﺲ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬــﺎ ﻜﻴﻠ ﻣﱰات ﻋﺎﺑﺮة ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ ﺗﻐ ﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺒ ة ﻓﻮﻫﺎ اﻻﺻﻄﺪام وﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻮﻫﺎت اﻟﺠﺮوف ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸ إﱃ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﺖ أوﻻً ﺛﻢ ﻇﻬﺮت " ﺛﺎﻳﻠﺰ روﺑﺲ " ﻻﺣﻘًـﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻮﻫﺎت أﺧﺮى ﻓﻮق اﻟﺠﺮوف ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸ إﱃ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻮﻫﺎت أﺧﺮى ﻓﻮق اﻟﺠﺮوف، ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸـ اﻟﺴـﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮ ا ﻌـﺎﻛ ﺲ وﻳﻤﻜـﻦ رؤﻳـﺔ أﻧـﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﺒ ﺎن اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬه ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ أﻳﻀﺎً وﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﺑﻮﺿـﻮح ﰲ اﻟﺮﻗـﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﻀـﺎء ا ﺘﻤﻮﺟﺔ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة أﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ اﻟﺼـﻮرة إﱃ اﻟﻴﻤ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﻤﻠﺖ اﻟﺮﻳـﺎح اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻬـﺐ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻴﻤ . ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﻤﻠﺖ اﻟﺮﻳـﺎح اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻬـﺐ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺮﻣﺎل ﻋﱪ ﺳﻄﺢ ا ﺮﻳﺦ وﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﻛﺜﺒﺎﻧﺎ ذات أﺷﻜﺎل وأﻧـﻮاع ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋـﺔ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻈﺮوف ا ﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬـﺎ اﻟﻜﺜﺒــﺎن اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴــﺔ واﻟﻌﺮﺿــﻴﺔ إﺿــﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ اﻟﺤ ﻮاﺟﺰ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻬﻼﱄ . ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ : اﻟﺘﻘﻄﺖ ﻣﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻣـﺎر " " سإﻛﺴـ س اﻟﺘﺎ ﻌﺔ ﻟﻮ ﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑ ﺔ ﺻـﻮراً ﻟﺘﺸـﻜ ﻼت ــــــــﺄﻟﻮان اﻷرﺟـــــــــﻮاﻧﻲواﻟـــــــــﻮرد ــــــــﺔ ﻤ ﻠـــــــــﺔ دواﻣ ـــــﺎﻟﻘﺮ ﻣـــــﻦ اﻟﻘﻄـــــﺐ اﻟـــــ واﻷ ﻤـــــﺮ ـ ﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤـــــﺮ ﺦ وﺗﺸـــــ ﻞ ﻫـــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨـــــﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧـــــﺔ " ـــــﺲ ﺛـــــﺎ ﻠﺰ رو " وﻫـــــﻲواﺣـــــﺪة ﻣـــــﻦ أﺑـــــﺮزاﻟـــــ ـ ﺠﺮوف اﻟﺼـــــﺨﺮ ﺔ ﻓـــــﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻔﻌــــــــﺎت اﻟـــــــــ ـ ﺠﻨﻮﺑ ﺔ اﻟﻘﺪ ﻤـــــــــﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـــــــــﺮ ﺦ . ﻓـــــــــﻲ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ : ﺻﻮرةﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓ ﺔﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻟـ " ﺛﺎ ﻠﺰرو ﺲ ." ﻓــﻲ اﻷﺳــﻔﻞ : ﺻــﻮرة ﻣﺠﺴــﻤﺔ ) ﺳـﺘ ﻮﻏﺮاﻓ ﺔ ﻟـــ ( " ﺛﺎ ﻠﺰ رو ﺲ " أُﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑ ﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻄﺘﻬﺎ " اﻟ ﺎﻣ ا ـﺔ اﻟﺪﻗــﺔ ﻋﺎﻟ ) " HRSC ( ﻣﺴـ ﺎر ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻣــ " ﻣــﺎرس إﻛﺴ س " ـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮ ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑ 17 ﻓ اﻳـــــﺮ 2026 ـــــﺔ ـــــﺔ ﺛﻼﺛ وﺗـــــﻮﻓﺮ ﻫـــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــــﻮرة رؤ اﻷ ﻌـــﺎد ﻋﻨـــﺪ اﻟﻨﻈــــﺮإﻟﻴﻬـــﺎ ﺎﺳـــﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈــــﺎراتذات ﻋﺪﺳﺎت ﻤﺮاء - ﺧﻀﺮاء أو ﻤﺮاء . زرﻗﺎء - [ESA/DLR/FU Berlin] ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 36 ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 6