Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2026 ARABIC VERSION

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER2026 ground sky brightness. With the full50,000ReflectOrbital satellites, the sky would be up to three to four times brighter overall. Hainaut concludes that theproposed1.7mil-lion new satellites wouldhavedrastic consequences for ground-based as- tronomy.Theseim- pactscanonlybe avoidedbylimitingthe total, of both ex-isting and future satel-lites, to 100,000 satel-lites faint enough not to be seen with the naked eye from a dark site. “This is not a hard number,like99,999isgoodand100 ,001 is bad: clearly I’d prefer 50,000,” says Hainaut. “But 100,000 causes losses at about the level of other technicallosses,suchasequipment failure.” However,headds,thesat- ellites must be fainter than visual magnitude 7; should some of them betoobright—abovetheminimum thresholdfornaked-eyevisibility— thetotalnumberwouldneedtobe much lower. SpaceXandReflectOrbital,respon- sibleforthemostextremenewpro- posals,haveeachfiledwiththeUS Federal Communications Commis- sion(FCC)forpermissiontolaunch. This new study served as the basis for a response to the FCC on these proposals by ESO, in collaboration with the UK’s Royal Astronomical SocietyandtheInternationalAstro- nomical Union. “The FCC received over 1800 com- ments regarding Reflect Orbital and nearly 1500 comments on the ap- plication by SpaceX,” explains ESO Institutional Affairs Officer Betty Kioko, responsible for coordinating ESO’s response to the proposals. “TheballisnowintheFCC’scourt, and we wait to see the determina- tions they make on both filings. For opticalastronomy,thisisanexisten- tial threat, and we hope that the regulators will share that view.” “Astronomy generates huge val- ueforhumankind,including scientific, technical, econom- ical, and educational, andhelpsusunderstandourplace in the Universe,” says ESO Director Gen- eral Xavier Barcons. “The large number of planned satellites in low-Earth orbit chal- lengesthatcapaci-ty, underscoring the need to limit future satellite launches and for astronomers, engi- neers,satelliteopera- torsandotherstake- holders to work togethertoadoptstrictmitig ation measures.” “Sendingthousandsofsatel-lites has implications: economical, ecological, and astronomical,” adds Hainaut. Light pollution from verybrightsatelliteconstellationscani m-pact the health and functioning of life on Earth, by disrupting biologi- calclocksandecosystems.Largecon- stellations also have direct impacts onairqualityfromthenumerous launches required to send and main- tain thousands of satellites, as well as from the atmospheric pollutioncaused as they burn up on re-entryat the end of life. “ My job is astron-omy, so I quantify the effects on as-tronomy,” explains Hainaut, “I hope otherswillevaluatetheotherim- pacts in their field of expertise.” Hainautconcludes: “LowEarthorbit isacelestialseashorethatprovides immensevaluetomodernlife,from globalconnectivitytoourclearac- cess to the Universe. However, we mustmanagethefootprintofmega- constellations—fromthelightpol- lutionaffectingastronomytothe atmosphericeffectsofsatellitere- entry — to ensure this resource re- mainspristineandaccessiblefor futuregenerations.”  ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 11 ﺠﻤﻮ ـﻣ ـ ﻤﺎر اﻟﺼ ـ ﻋﺎت اﻷﻗ ﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ زﻳ ﺎدةـ ـ ﻠﻔﻴﺔ اﻟ ـ ﻌﺎن اﻟﺨ ﺎءـﺴﻤـ ﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠ ـﻄﺒﻴ ـ ـﻛ ﺎﺷﻔﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠ ﻠﻮثـﺘـ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ وﺗﺸ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ إﱃ أن ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ " ﴍﻛﺔ رﻓﻠﻜﺖ أورﺑـﻴﺘﺎل ـاﻟ " ﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺳﱰﻓﻊ ـ ﻮع اﻟ ـﻄـﺳ ﻘﺪار ـ ﺴﻤﺎء ﺑﻤ ـﻳﺘ ﺮاوح ﺑﻴ ـ ﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ وأرﺑﻌﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف . ﻳﺨﻠﺺ إﻳﻨﻮ إﱃ أن ﻼق ـ إﻃ 1.7 ﻤﺮـ ﻮن ﻗ ـﻣﻠﻴ ـﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ أﺛﺎر ﺳﻴـﺌﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻷرﴈ ـوﻳ ﺮى أن اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻵﺛﺎر ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ اﻻ ﺑﻌﺪم ﺗﺠﺎوز اﻟﻌﺪد اﻹﺟﻤﺎﱄ ـ ﻟﻸﻗ ﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨ ﻴﺔ ـﺤﺎﻟ ـ ﻴﺔ اﻟ ـﺎﻋـ وا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ 100 أﻟﻒ ﻗﻤﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﲆ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﻓ ـ ﺘﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ـ ﻌ ا ـ ﺮى ﺑﺎﻟ ـﺗُ ﻻ ـ ﺠﺮدة ﻣ ﻊـ ﻦ ا ﻮاﻗ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ وﻳﻀﻴﻒ :" ﻫﺬا ﻟﻴﺲ رﻗﻤـﺎً ﺎً ﺣﺎﺳـﻤ وﻛــﺄن 99,999 و ﻣﻘﺒــﻮل 100,001 ﻏــ . ﻣﻘﺒﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ أﻓﻀﻞ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﺪد 50 ً أﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻜ ـﻦ 100 أﻟــﻒ ﻳﺠﻌ ـﻞ اﻟﺨﺴــﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠ ـﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ا ﻌﺘﺎدة ﻛ ﺄﻋﻄﺎل اﻷﺟﻬﺰة . وﻳﺆﻛﺪ أﻳﻀـ ﺎً أن ﺳـﻄﻮع اﻷﻗﻤـﺎر ﻳﺠـﺐ أن ﻳﻜ ﻮن أﺧﻔﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺪر اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮي اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ أﻣﺎ إذا ﺗﺠﺎوز ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺣﺪ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌ ا ﺠـﺮدة ﻓﻴﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﺪد اﻹﺟﻤـﺎﱄ أﻗـﻞ ﺑﻜﺜـ . ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﴍﻛﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﺲ إﻛﺲ و رﻓﻠﻜﺖ أورﺑﻴﺘﺎل ﻃﻠﺒﺎت رﺳﻤﻴﺔ إﱃ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻻﺗﺼـﺎﻻت اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﺗﺮاﺧﻴﺺ اﻹﻃﻼق واﻋﺘﻤﺪ ا ﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷو روﺑـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌــﺎون ﻣــﻊ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴ ـﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴ ـﺔ ا ﻠﻜﻴ ـﺔ اﻟ ﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ واﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ اﻟﺪوﱄ ﻋﲆ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﻘـﺪﻳﻢ رد رﺳـﻤﻲ إﱃ اﻟﻬﻴﺌـﺔ ﺑﺸﺄن ﻫﺬه ا ﻘﱰﺣﺎت . وأوﺿﺤﺖ ﺑﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﻴﻮﻛـﻮ ﻣﺴـﺆوﻟﺔ اﻟﺸـﺆون ا ﺆﺳﺴـﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ﺮﺻــﺪ اﻷوروﺑـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨ ـﻮﺑﻲ : ” ﺗﻠﻘﺖ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻴﺔ أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣـﻦ 1800 ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺑﺸﺄن ﻣﴩوع ﴍﻛـﺔ رﻓﻠﻜـﺖ أورﺑﻴﺘﺎل وﻧﺤـﻮ 1500 ﺗﻌﻠﻴـﻖ ﺑﺸـﺄن ﻃﻠـﺐ ﺳـﺒﻴﺲ إﻛـﺲ واﻟﻘـﺮار اﻵن ﺑﻴـﺪ اﻟﻬﻴﺌـﺔ ." أﺿﺎﻓﺖ :" ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﺒ ـ ﴫي ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻫـﺬا ﺗﻬﺪﻳـﺪ اً ﺎً وﺟﻮدﻳـ وﻧﺄﻣـﻞ أن ﻳﺸـﺎرﻛﻨﺎ ا ﻨﻈﻤﻮن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮأي . “ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ، ﻗﺎل ا ـﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﺑـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ زاﻓﻴﻴـﻪ ا ﻨﻈﻤﻮن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮأي ." ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻗﺎل ا ـﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷ وروﺑـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ زاﻓﻴﻴـﻪ ﺑﺎرﻛﻮﻧﺲ :" ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴـﺔ وﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ و اﻗﺘﺼ ﺎدﻳﺔ وﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺒﴩﻳﺔ ـ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻟﻜـﻦ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻀﺨﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ا ﺨﻄﻂ ﺔـ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴ ـاﻟ ﻤﺎرـﻗﻦ اﻷ ـﻢ ﻣـﻀﺨـ ﻌﺪد اﻟ ـاﻟ ا ـﺰﻣـﻊ ـ ﻬﺎ إﱃ ا ـﻼﻗـ إﻃ ﺪار اﻷرﺿ ﻲ ـ ا ﻨﺨﻔﺾﻳ ﻬـ ﺪد ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﺪرة وﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﴐورة اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹﻃﻼق ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ دﻋﻢ و اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ا ﺸﱰك ﺑ و ﻚ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠ ا ﻬﻨﺪﺳ وﻣﺸﻐﲇ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻬﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ إﺟﺮاءات ﺻﺎرﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ آﺛﺎرﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎرﺛﻴﺔ ." ـﻳو ﺸ إﻳﻨﻮ إﱃ أن إﻃ ﻼقـ آﻻف اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼ ـ ﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗ ﻤﻞـﻳﺤ ﺒﻌﺎت ﻓﻠ ـ ﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ـ ﺑﻞ اﻗ ﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ وﺑﻴ ﺌﻴﺔ أﻳ ـ ﻀﺎً ﻠﻮث اﻟ ـﻓﺎﻟﺘ ـ ﻀﻮﺋﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﻮع ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺛ ﺮ ﰲ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاﺑ ﺎت ﰲ اﻟـﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ . ﻛﻤﺎ أن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹ ﻃﻼق ا ﺘﻜﺮرة إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ اﺣﱰاق اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ اﻟ ﺘﺸﻐﻴﲇ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي وﺗﺪﻫﻮر ﺟ ﻮدة اﻟﻬﻮاء . ﻳﺨﺘﺘﻢ إﻳﻨﻮ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ :" ﻋﻤﲇ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﻴـﺎم ﺑ ﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة ﻋﲆ ﻋﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ واﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف ﻣﺠﺎﻫﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻮن وآﻣـﻞ أن ﻳﻘـﻴﻢ ا ﺘﺨﺼﺼـﻮن ﰲ ا ﺠـﺎﻻت اﻷﺧـﺮى آﺛﺎرﻫـﺎ اﻟﺒ ﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ " . ﺗﺸ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ إﱃ أن اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋ ﻞ اﻟﻠﻴ ﺳﻤﺎء ﲆ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ وﺣـﺪﻫﻢ ﺑـﻞ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺎً ﺎً ﻋﺎ ﻴ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ أﺣـﺪ أﻫـﻢ ا ﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ا ﺸﱰﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﴩﻳﺔ . ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎء ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﴐورﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺟﺰء اً ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﱰاث اﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ واﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ وﻣﺼﺪر اً ﻟﻺﻟﻬﺎم واﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴﻢ واﻻ ﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ . أﺿﺎف :" ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ا ﺪار اﻷرﴈ ا ﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻮرداً ﺒﴩﻳﺔ ـﻟﻠ ﺛﻤﻴﻨﺎً ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﺎ ﻴ ﺔ وﻳﻤﻨﺤﻨﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﺬة واﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ إدارة اﻟﺘـﺄﺛ ات اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤ ـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋـ ﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺳـﻮاء ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻴــﺚ اﻟﺘﻠـﻮث اﻟﻀـﻮﺋﻲ أو اﻵﺛـﺎر اﻟﺠﻮﻳ ـﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠـ ﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻋﻮدﺗﻬـﺎ إﱃ اﻟﻐ ـﻼف ا ﻟﺠـﻮي ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺑﻘﺎء ﻫﺬا ا ﻮرد ﻧﻘﻴ ﺎً ﺎً وﻣﺘﺎﺣ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ا ﻷﺟﻴﺎل اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ." ﻈﻬــــــﺮ ــــــﺎﻧﻲﻋــــــﺪد اﻷﻗﻤــــــﺎر ﻫــــــﺬا اﻟﺮﺳــــــﻢ اﻟﺒ ـــﺔ ﻓـــﻮق ﺳـــﺘ ﻮن ﻣﺮ اﻟﺼـــﻨﺎﻋ ﺔ اﻟـــ اﻟ ﺘﻠﺴـــ ﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪاً اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟـﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ إذا أﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﺒ ﺲ إﻛـﺲ ﻮﻛ ﺘﻬـﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﻄـﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻠﻴـﻮن ﻗﻤـﺮﺻـﻨﺎﻋﻲ . أُﺟﺮ ـﺖ اﻟـ ـ ﺤﺴﺎ ﺎت ﻣـــﻦ ﻏـــﺮوب اﻟﺸـــﻤﺲﻓـــﻲ ﻌـــﺪ ﺣـــﻮاﻟﻲﺳـــﺎﻋﺘ ـاﻟ ﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻢ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎُ . ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ـﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺮﻣﺎد ﻫـــﻲ أﻗﻤـــﺎرﺻـــﻨﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻓـــﻲﻇـــﻞ اﻷرضو ﺎﻟﺘــــﺎﻟﻲ ــــﺔ ﺑ ﻨﻤــــﺎ اﻟﻨﻘــــﺎط ا ﻏــــ ﻣﺮ ﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧــــﺔ ﻫــــﻲ أﻗﻤــــﺎر ﺻــــﻨﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻀــــﺎءة . ﻳ ﻠــــﻎ ــــﺔ اﻟــــ اﻟﻨﻘــــﺎط اﻟ ﻘﺎﻟ ﻋـــﺪدﻫﺎ ﺣـــﻮاﻟﻲ 2000 ﻧﻘﻄـــﺔ ﺗﺸـــ إﻟـــﻰ أﻗﻤـــﺎر ﺻـــﻨﺎﻋ ﺔ أﻛـــ ﺳـــﻄﻮﻋﺎً ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻘـــﺪر اﻟﺴـــﺎﺑﻊ وﻫـــﻮ اﻟﻤﺠـــﺮدة ﻣـــﻦ ـــﺎﻟﻌ أﻗـــﻞ ﺳـــﻄﻮع ﻤﻜـــﻦ رؤ ﺘـــﮫ ﻣﻮاﻗـــﻊﺷــــﺪ ﺪة اﻟﻈــــﻼم . اﻟﻨﻘـــﺎط اﻟــــ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟــــ ﻳﺰ ﺪ ﻋﺪدﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ 200 ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻫـﻲ أﻗﻤـﺎرﺻـﻨﺎﻋ ﺔ أﻛــ ﺳــﻄﻮﻋﺎً ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻘــﺪر اﻟــــﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﺸـــ واﻟــﺬ إﻟـــــــﻰ أﻗـــــــﻞ اﻷﺟﺴـــــــﺎمﺳـــــــﻄﻮﻋﺎً ﻤﻜـــــــﻦ رؤ ﺘﻬـــــــﺎ اﻟﻤﺠﺮدة ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻲﺿﺎﺣ ﺔ ﺳﻜﻨ ﺔ ﺎﻟﻌ . [ESO/O. Hainaut] - ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 6