Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2026 ARABIC VERSION

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER2026 gets, including far-away galaxies, some Earth-like planets around oth- er stars, and even asteroids poten- tially dangerous to Earth. Hainaut explainsthat “satellites,illuminated by the Sun, are much brighter than distant galaxies. When a satellite crosses what we observe, it makes a bright streak on our image, zapping whatever is behind it.” To compute the impact of this and other effects of satellite constella- tions on astronomical observations, Hainaut simulated the positions, motion and brightness of all present and planned satellite constellations. For the SpaceX satellite mega-con- stellation, he found that dozens of trails would appear in each image taken two hours into the night with ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) at Paranal Observatory in Chile, repre- senting field-of-view losses of up to 28%. This assumes that the satellites would be faint enough not to beseen with the naked eye in good conditions. If they are just a little brighter, some instruments wouldbeevenmoreaffected:forinstan ce, acameralikethatoftheUSNational ScienceFoundation’sVeraC.Rubin Observatory could have most of its images rendered unusable for sev- eral hours each night. Hainaut’ssimulationsassumedthat noReflectOrbitalsatellitewould point its beam directly at or near an observatory. Even so, the trail froma single mirror-satellite could spoil an observation with a camera like that of Rubin Observatory. With the full fleet of Reflect Orbital satellites in orbit, every image from such a camera would be lost when the satellitesareilluminatedbytheSun. However,it’snotjustthecriss-cross- ingpathsofsatellitesthatlimitwhat we can observe: their light can pol-lute the entire sky. Satellites too faint to be seen di- rectly produce a veil of ‘diffuse’ light,whilelightfrombrightersatel- litesis‘scattered’inalldirectionsas it passes through the atmosphere. Both contributions increase the overall brightness of the night sky. Thisstudyisthefirsttoconsiderthe impacts on astronomy due to the contribution of satellite constella- tionstobackgroundskybrightness, revealingthefullextentofsatellite light pollution. Very bright constellations like Re- flect Orbital would have a partic- ularlysignificanteffectonback- ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 10 ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪر اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ وﺣﺘﻰ إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﺤﺰﻣـﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ ﻓﺈن ﻛﻞ ﻗﻤﺮ ﺳـﻴﺒﺪو ﰲ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﺑﺴﻄﻮع ﻳﻘﺎرب ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ا ﻟﺰﻫـﺮة أ ـﻊ ﺟﺮم ﺳﻤﺎوي ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ واﻟﻘﻤﺮ . وﰲ ا ﺪن ا ﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴ ﺎً ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨـﺔ ﻣﻴـﻮﻧﻴﺦ اﻷ ﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم " " اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رؤﻳﺘﻬـﺎ ﻟـﻴﻼً . ﺗﺸ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ إﱃ أن ﻫﺬه ا ﻘﱰﺣﺎت إ ﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ أﺧﺮى ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺳﱰﻓﻊ ﺳﻄﻮع ﻮر ﺑﺼ ﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ة ﻛﺒ ة ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳ ﻴﺼﻌﺐ رﺻﺪ اﻷﺟﺮام اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة ﺟـﺪ اً اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻷرض ﺣﻮل ﻧﺠﻮم أﺧﺮى و اﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒﺎت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ﺧﻄـﺮ ﻋـﲆ اً اﻷرض . وﻳﴩح إﻳﻨﻮ ذﻟـﻚ ﺑﻘﻮﻟـﻪ :" اﻷﻗﻤـﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴ ﺔ ا ﻀـﺎءة ﺑﺄﺷـﻌﺔ اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺎً ﺳﻄﻮﻋ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة وﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﱪ أﺣﺪﻫ ﺎ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻳﱰك أﺛـﺮ اً ﺎً ﺿـﻮﺋﻴ ﺎً ﺳﺎﻃﻌ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻴﺤﺠﺐ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻘـﻊ ". ﺧﻠﻔﻪ وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺄﺛ أﺟﺮى اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ و ﻌـﺎن ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺎت اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ وا ﺨﻄـﻂ ﻟﻬـﺎ . وأﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣ ـ ﴩوع ﺳﺒﻴﺲ إﻛﺲ ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﴩات اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻮرة ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟـﺪ اً اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﰲ ﺑﺎراﻧـﺎل اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﰲ ﺑﺎراﻧـﺎل ﺑﺘﺸﻴﲇ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺳﺎﻋﺘ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﱃ ﻓﻘـﺪان ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺼـﻞ إﱃ 28 % ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺼﻮر وﺗﻔﱰض ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ أن اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﺧﺎﻓﺘﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻌﺪم رؤﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌ ا ﺠﺮدة . أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻄﻮﻋًﺎ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ، ﻓﺈن ﺑﻌﺾ ا ﺮاﺻﺪ ﺳﺘﺘﴬر ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ أﻛﱪ، وﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻓ ا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻄﻮﻋ ﺎً ﻓﺈ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ ن ﺑﻌﺾ ا ﺮاﺻﺪ ﺳﺘﺘﴬر ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ أﻛﱪ وﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻓ ا ﳼ روﺑ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﺼـﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ﺻـﻮره اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻏ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺧـﻼل ﻋـﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻛﻞ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ . ﺗﻔـﱰض ا ﺤﺎﻛـﺎة أﻳﻀـ ﺎً أن أﻗﻤـﺎر ﴍﻛــﺔ " رﻓﻠﻜﺖ أورﺑﻴﺘﺎل " ﻟﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺣﺰﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻀﻮﺋ ﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﻧﺤﻮ أي ﻣﺮﺻﺪ . ورﻏﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻣﺮور ﻗﻤ ﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺰود ﺑﻤﺮآة ﺳـﻴﻜﻮ ﺎَ ﻴـ ن ﻛﺎﻓ ﻹﻓﺴﺎد ﺻﻮرة ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻣ ا ﻣﺮﺻﺪ . روﺑ أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻛﺘﻤﺎل ﻛﻮﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﴩﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ 50 أﻟﻒ ﻗﻤﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﺈن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﺎﻣ ا ﺳﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻏـ ﻗﺎﺑﻠـﺔ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺎ ـﺎ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ اﻷﻗﻤـﺎر ﻣﻀـﺎءة ﺑﺄﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ . ـ ﻻ ﻳﻘـ ﺘﴫ ﺗـﺄﺛ اﻷﻗﻤـﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻵﺛـﺎر اﻟﻀـﻮﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌـﱪ اﻟﺼﻮر ﺑﻞ ﻳﻤﺘـﺪ إﱃ زﻳـﺎدة اﻹﺿـﺎءة اﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﻤﺎء ﻓﺎﻷﻗﻤ ـﺎر اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘ ـﺔ اﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﻻ ﺗ ُـﺮى ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀـﻮء ا ﻨـ ﰲ ﺘﴩـ ﺣ ﻳﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﺿﻮء اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺳـﻄﻮﻋ ﰲ ﺎً ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت أﺛﻨﺎء ﻣﺮوره ﻋـﱪ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي وﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺎﺗـﺎن اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺗـﺎن ﻣﻌـ ﺎً ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﻮع اﻟﺨ ﻠﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎء وﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺼـﻮرة ﺷـﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺴـﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ زﻳﺎدة ﻌـﺎن ﺗﻮﺿــﺢ ـــﻒ أن ﺿـــﻮء اﻟﺸـــﻤﺲ ﻫـــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــﻮرة ﻛ ــــــــــﺎ اﻟﻔﻀــــــــــﺎء اﻟــــــــــ اﻟﻤﺸـــــــــﺘﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳــــــــــﻄﺔ ﻣﺮا ـ ﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻤﺸـــــﺮوع ﺷـــــﺮﻛﺔ " رﻓﻠﻜـــــﺖ أور ﺘـــــﺎل " ـــــﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻜ اﻟﻨﺎﺷـــﺌﺔ ﺳـــ ﺪ ﻣـــﻦ ﺳـــﻄﻮع اﻟﺴـــﻤﺎء اﻹ ﻤـــﺎﻟﻲ اﻟ ﻓﻮق ﺘﻠﺴ ﻮب اﻟﻜﺒـ ﺟـﺪا . ﺗـﻢ اﻟﺘﻘـﺎط اﻟﺼـﻮرة ـــﺎﻣ ا ﺗﻐﻄـــﻲ اﻟﺴـــﻤﺎء ﺄ ﻤﻠﻬـــﺎ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟ ﺴـــﺮى ﺑ ــﻼ ﻗﻤــﺮﻓــﻲ ﻟ ﻠــﺔ 16 ﻣــﺎﻳﻮ 2026 . اﻟﺸــﻤﺎل إﻟــﻰ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ واﻟﻐﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟ ﻤ . ـﺎب ـﺔ اﻟﻘ ﻤﻜـﻦ رؤ ﺗﻀــــﻢ اﻟﺘﻠﺴــــ ﻮ ﺎت اﻷرﻌــــﺔ اﻟــــ ﻘﻄــــﺮ 8 أﻣﺘــــﺎر ﻠﻟ ﺘﻠﺴــــــــ ﻮب اﻟﻜﺒــــــــ ﺟــــــــﺪاً ﻓــــــــﻲ أﻋﻠــــــــﻰ اﻟ ﺴــــــــﺎر . ــﺎة ﺗﻮﺿـﺢ ﻣــﺪ ﻫـﻲﻣﺤﺎ اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟ ﻤــ ﺳـــــــﻄﻮع اﻟﺴــــــــﻤﺎء ﻣــــــــﻊ وﺟــــــــﻮد ــــــــﺔ ﻮﻛ ﺷــــــــﺮﻛﺔ " رﻓﻠﻜﺖ أور ﺘﺎل " اﻟ ﺎﻣﻠـﺔ اﻟﻤ ﻮﻧـﺔ ﻣـﻦ 50 أﻟـﻒ . ﻣﺮآة ـﺎ ﻻ ﺗ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻤﺮا ﺘﺠـﮫ ﻣ ﺎﺷـﺮة إﻟــ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺻــﺪ إﻻ أﻧﻬــﺎ ﻻ ﺗـﺰال ﺗ ﻨﺸــﺮ ــﺎً اﻟﻀـﻮء ﺟﺎﻧﺒ ــــﺪورﻩ أﻛـــــ ﺑﻮاﺳــــﻄﺔ اﻟﻐـــــﻼف ﺘﺸـــــﺘﺖ واﻟــــﺬ ـ اﻟـــــــ . ﺠﻮي ﻧﺘﻴﺠـــــــﺔ ﻟـــــــﺬﻟﻚﺳـــــــﺘ ﻮن اﻟﺴـــــــﻤﺎء أﻛـــــــ ﺳﻄﻮﻋﺎً ﺜﻼث إﻟﻰ أر ﻊ ﻣﺮات . [ESO/O. Hainaut] - ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 6