Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2026 ARABIC VERSION

(over3millionkilometers)per hour and appears to be the primary force driving a cool- er, well-studied, galaxy-scale wind. Researchersmadethecalcula- tions using data from the Re- solve instrument aboard the XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission) space- craft. “The classic model of star- burst galaxies like M82 sug- gests that shock waves from star formation and super- novae near the center heat the gas, kick-starting a pow- erful wind,” said Erin Boett- cher, an astrophysicist at the University of Maryland, Col- lege Park and NASA’s God- dard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “Prior to XRISM, though, we didn’t have the ability to measure the velocities needed to test that hypothesis. Now we see the gas moving even faster than some models predict, more than enough to drive the wind all the way to the edge of the galaxy.” The XRISM mission is led by JAXA(JapanAerospaceEx- ploration Agency) in collaboration withNASA,alongwithcontributions fromESA(EuropeanSpaceAgency). NASA and JAXA also codeveloped the Resolve instrument. SometimescalledtheCigargalaxy, M82islocated12millionlight-years away in the northern constellation UrsaMajor.Astronomersclassifyitas astarburstgalaxybecauseit’sform- ingstarsatamuchhigherratethan typicalforitssize—about10times faster than the Milky Way. M82iswellknownforitsextended, cool wind, which stretches out to 40,000light-yearsandpropelshuge quantitiesofgasanddust.Scientists havestudieditwithmanymissions, including NASA’s Chandra, Webb, Hubble,andretiredSpitzerspacetel- escopes, trying to connect the dots between the stellar activity and the large-scale outflow. Researchers particularly want to un- derstand the role of cosmic rays. These high-speed charged particles are found throughout the cosmosand are accelerated by some of the sameeventsscientiststhinkproduce windslikeinM82.There’sapossibil- ity they are a main source of out- ward pressure on the gas. TheXRISMResolveinstrument’shigh resolution and sensitivity allowed Boettcherandhercolleaguestoac- curatelymeasurethespeedofthe hotwindbylookingatanX-raysig- nal from superheated iron in the galacticcenter. TheamountofX-raylightfromiron and other elements told them the temperature — right within predic- tions at 45 million degrees Fahren- heit(25milliondegreesCelsius).The heatexertspressureonthegasand pushesitoutward.Thisrushingfrom highpressuretolowpressureforms the wind — the same reason winds blow through Earth’s atmosphere. Thebroadnessofironspectrallines conveyedthehotwind’sspeed.This worksthroughDopplershifting,the same phenomenon that causes the pitchofasound,likeasiren,torise JULY-AUGUST2026 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 25 اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ( وﻳﺒﺪو أﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ رﻳﺎﺣﺎً ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺔ أﺑـﺮد ﺗﻤﺘـﺪ ﻋﲆ ﻧﻄﺎق ا ﺠـﺮة ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬـﺎ . أﺟـﺮى اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ( رﻳﺰوﻟﻒ ) ﻣﻄﻴﺎف ا ﻮﺟـﻮدة ﻋﲆ ﻣـﺘﻦ اﻟﻘﻤـﺮ اﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﻲ إﻛـﺲ " ) "رِزم ﻣﻬﻤ ـﺔ اﻟﺘﺼ ـﻮﻳﺮ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴ ـﻞ اﻟ ﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ .( وﻗﺎﻟﺖ إﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺗﴩ ﻋﺎ ـﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣ ﻳﻼﻧـﺪ وﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻏـﻮدارد اﻟﺘ ـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻨﺎﺳـﺎ :» ﻳﻔ ـﱰض اﻟﻨﻤـــﻮذج اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـــﺪي ﻟﻠﻤﺠـــﺮات اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ا ﺠﺮة M82 أن ﻣﻮﺟـﺎت اﻟﺼـﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم واﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻗﺮب ا ﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻘﻮ م ﺑﺘﺴـﺨ اﻟﻐﺎز وإﻃﻼق رﻳﺎح ﻗﻮﻳﺔ . " ﻗﺒﻞ و إﻛـﺲ رِزم " ﻟـﻢ ﻧﻜـﻦ ﻧﻤﺘﻠـﻚ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﴪﻋﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣـﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ . أﻣﺎ اﻵن ﻓﻨﺮى اﻟﻐﺎز ﻳﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﴪﻋ ﺔ أﻛﱪ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺒـﺄ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج وﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜ ﻔﻲ ﻟـﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﺣﺘﻰ أﻃﺮاف ا ﺠﺮة «. ﺗﻘـﻊ ﻣﺠـﺮة M82 ا ﻌﺮوﻓـﺔ أﻳﻀـﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﺠﺮة اﻟﺴﻴﺠﺎر ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺤـﻮ 12 ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛ ﻮﻛﺒـﺔ اﻟﺪب اﻷﻛﱪ وﻳﺼﻨﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﻋﲆ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠـﺮة اﻧﻔﺠﺎرﻳـﺔ ﻧﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ﻧﺠﻮﻣـﺎً ﺑﻤﻌـﺪل أﴎع ﻋﴩة أﺿﻌﺎف ﻋـﻦ ا ﻌـﺪل ا ﻌﺘـﺎد ﻣﻦ أي ﻣﺠﺮة ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ وﺣﻮاﱄ ﴩـﻋـ ﻣﺮات اﴎع ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ . وﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ا ﺠﺮة M82 ﺑﺮﻳﺎﺣﻬﺎ ا ﺠﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﺎردة ا ﻤﺘـﺪة ﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ إﱃ 40 أﻟﻒ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐـﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر إﱃ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ا ﺤﻴﻂ . وﻗﺪ درﺳﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ ا ﺮاﺻﺪ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﻫﺎﺑﻞ و ﺷﺎﻧﺪرا وﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ وﺳـﺒﻴﺘﺰر ﰲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ اﻟﻨﺸـﺎط اﻟﻨﺠﻤـﻲ اﻟﻌﻨﻴﻒ ﰲ ا ﺮﻛﺰ واﻟﺘـﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﻀـﺨﻤﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ا ﺠﺮة . ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻌ ﻠﻤﺎء إﱃ ﻓﻬـﻢ دور اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴــﺔ وﻫــﻲ ﺟﺴــﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺗﻨـ ـ ﺘﴩ ﰲ أﻧﺤـﺎء اﻟﻜـﻮن وﻳ ﻌﺘﻘــﺪ أﻧﻬــﺎ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﺴـﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗـﻮﻓ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺨﺎرج . اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺨﺎرج . أﺗﺎﺣﺖ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ واﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺒـ ة ) ﻄﻴﺎف رﻳﺰوﻟـﻒ ( ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﻗﻴـﺎس ﴎﻋـﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼل دراﺳـﺔ إﺷﻌﺎع اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺎدر ﻋـﻦ اﻟﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺴﺨﻮﻧﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ا ﺠﺮة . وأﻇﻬﺮت ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ا ﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ وﻋﻨﺎﴏ أﺧﺮى أن درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺤﻮ 25 ﻣﻠﻴﻮن درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ )45 ﻣﻠﻴﻮن درﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬ ( ﺎﻳﺖ ، وﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓـﻖ ﻣـﻊ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ . وﺗـﺆدي ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺤـﺮارة اﻟﻬ ﺎﺋﻠﺔ إﱃ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧـﻞ اﻟﻐـﺎز ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺨـﺎرج ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻀـﻐﻂ ا ﺮﺗﻔﻊ إﱃ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ا ﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺗﻤﺎﻣـﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﰲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي ﻟـﻸرض . واﻋﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﲆ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮة اﻧﺰﻳـﺎح دوﺑﻠـﺮ واﻋﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﲆ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮة اﻧﺰﻳـﺎح دوﺑﻠـﺮ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﴪﻋﺔ وﻫﻲ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ ﺻـﻔﺎرة اﻹﻧـﺬار ﺗﺒـﺪو أﻋـﲆ أو أﺧﻔﺾ ﺗﺒﻌﺎً ﻟﺤﺮﻛـﺔ ﻣﺼـﺪر اﻟﺼـﻮت ﻧﺤـﻮ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ أو ﺑﻌﻴﺪاً ﻋﻨﻪ . ﺔ وﰲ ﺣﺎﻟ ا ﺠـﺮة M82 ﻳﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻗﺮب ا ﺮﻛـﺰ ﺑـ ـ ﴪﻋﺔ ﻛﺒ ة ﰲ اﺗﺠﺎﻫ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳـﺆدي إ ﱃ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ وﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﴎﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح . أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن ﴎﻋ ﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح أﻋﲆ ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ﻣﻦ ا ﺘﻮﻗﻊ وﻋﻨﺪ دﻣﺞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ا ﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺗﺒ أن اﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﺤﺎرة وﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴـﺪ اﻟﺮﻳـﺎح اﻟﺒﺎردة واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻦ دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻛﺒ ة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ وإن ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ اﻷﺧـ ة ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻈـﻞ ﻋـﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺴـﺎﻋﺪاً . - ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 6 ﺗ ﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻟﻤﺠﺮة ﻣ ﺴﻴ ﮫ 82 او اﺧﺘﺼﺎرا )M82 ( اﻟﺘﻘﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟ اﻟ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ــﺐ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮبﺟــ ﻤﺲو ﻣــ ﻮ ﺎﻟــﺔ ﻧﺎﺳــﺎ ﻣ ــﺔ ﺮﻛـﺰاﻟﻤﺠـﺮة ﺘﻔﺎﺻــﻴﻞ دﻗ ﻘــﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎ ــﺚ ﺴــﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻤــﺎء ﺑﺤ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺗﻤﻴ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدراﻟﺼﻐ إﻣﺎ أن ﺗ ﻮن ﻧﺠﻮﻣ ة اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻌﺔ اﻟ ﺎً ﻣﻨﻔﺮدة أو ﻋﻨﺎﻗ ﺪ ﻧ ﻤ ﺔ . [N SA,ESA, CSA, STScI, Alberto Bolatto (UMD)]