Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2026 ARABIC VERSION

orfallduetothesource’smotionto- wardorawayfromyou.Inthecase of M82, the hot material near the centerfliesquicklyinbothdirections, stretchingouttheiron’sspectralline. Theamountofstretchingrevealsthe iron’svelocity.Theresearchersfound that the wind is a little faster than expected. Combined with the high temperature, it’s powerful enough to produce the cool wind without cosmicrays,althoughtheymaystill becontributing. The researchers calculate that the center of M82 expels enough gas every year to form seven stars with the mass of our Sun. This presents another puzzle. “If the wind blows steadily at the speed we’ve measured, then we thinkitcanpowerthelarger,cooler windbydrivingoutfoursolarmasses of gas a year. But XRISM tells us muchmoregasismovingoutward,” said co-author Edmund Hodges- Kluck, an astronomer and XRISM team member at NASA Goddard. “Where do the three extra solar masses go? Do they escape out of the galaxy as hot gas some other way? We don’t know.” TheXRISMsatellite’sobservationsof M82 will help improve models of starburst galaxies, which may help scientistsanswerthesetypesofques- tionsinthefuture.NASA’scontribu- tionstointernationalprojectslike XRISM are part of the agency’s ef- forts to innovate with ambitious sci- encemissionsthatwillhelpusbetter understand how our cosmos works. “Some of our early models of star- burstgalaxiesweredevelopedinthe 1980s, and we’re finally able to test them in ways that weren’t possible before XRISM,” said co-author Sky- lar Grayson, a graduate student at Arizona State University in Tempe. “It provides opportunities to figure out why the model might not be capturing everything that’s going on intherealuniverse.”     JULY-AUGUST2026 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 26 ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ اﻷﺧـ ة ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻈـﻞ ﻋـﺎﻣ ﻼً ﻣﺴـﺎﻋﺪاً . وﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻄﺮد ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ا ﺠﺮة ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻧﺠﻮم ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ . ﻟﻜـﻦ ﻫـﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎف أدى إﱃ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻟﻐﺰ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ . وﻗـﺎل إدﻣﻮﻧ ـﺪ ﻫــﻮدﺟﺰ ﻛﻠ ـﻮك ا ﺸـﺎرك ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ " إﻛﺲ رِزم " ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ »: ﻏﻮدارد إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺮﻳـﺎح ﺗ ﻬـﺐ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻤﺮار ﺑﺎﻟﴪﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺴـﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻨـﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﻘـﺪ أﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﺒـﺎردة اﻷﻛـﱪ ﻋـﱪ ﻃﺮد ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎدل أرﺑﻊ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐـﺎز . ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎً ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت " إﻛﺲ رِزم " ﺗﺸ إﱃ أن ﻛﻤﻴﺔ أﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﺤـﺮك ﻧﺤـﻮ اﻟﺨـﺎرج . ﻓــﺄﻳﻦ ﺗــ ﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﻜﺘــﻞ اﻟﺸﻤﺴــﻴﺔ اﻟــﺜﻼث اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ؟ ﻫﻞ ﺗﻐﺎدر ا ﺠﺮة ﻛﻐﺎز ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﻋﱪ آﻟﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى؟ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺮف ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن «. ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﺤﺴ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑـﺎ ﺠﺮات اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ، وﺗـﻮﻓ ﻓﻬـﻢ أﻋﻤـﻖ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرﻳـﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ وﺗـﻮﻓ ﻓﻬـﻢ أﻋﻤـﻖ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ا ﺎدة واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﺠﺮات إﱃ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ا ﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ . وﻗﺎل ﺳﻜﺎﻳﻼ ﻏﺮاﻳﺴـﻮن ﻃﺎﻟـﺐ اﻟﺪراﺳـﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ وﻻﻳﺔ أرﻳﺰوﻧ ﺎ وأﺣﺪ ا ﺸﺎرﻛ ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻃ»: ﻮرت ﺑﻌﺾ ﻧﻤـﺎذج ا ﺠـﺮات اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ اﻷ وﱃ ﺧـﻼل ﺛﻤ ﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴـﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن ا ﺎﴈ وﻧﺤﻦ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻗﺎدرون أﺧ اً ﻋﲆ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرﻫــﺎ ﺑﻄـﺮق ﻟ ـﻢ ﺗﻜ ـﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻨ ـﺔ ﻗﺒ ـﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت " إﻛﺲ رِزم " وﻫﺬا ﻳﻤﻨﺤﻨﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻜﺴـﻬﺎ ﻫـﺬ ه اﻟﻨﻤـﺎذج ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻜـﻮن اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـﻲ «. ﺗﻜﺘﺴـﺐ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻷن اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ا ﺠﺮﻳـﺔ ﺗُﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻷن اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ا ﺠﺮﻳـﺔ ﺗُﻌـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم داﺧﻞ ا ﺠﺮات . ﻓﻬـﻲ ﺗﻨﻘـﻞ ﻛﻤﻴـﺎت ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ا ﺤﻴﻂ، وﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ا ﺎدة ا ﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ أﺟﻴﺎل ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . ﻣﻦ ا ﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗﺴﻬﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳـﺎت ا ﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ " إﻛﺲ رِزم " ﰲ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻣﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺣـﻮل آﻟﻴـﺎت ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﺮﻳـﺎح ا ﺠﺮﻳﺔ ودورﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺗ ﻄﻮر ا ﺠﺮات ﻋﱪ اﻟـﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺻﻮرة أﻛﺜﺮ اﻛﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻋـﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻋﲆ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ . ﻛﱪى - ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 6 اﻟـﺘﻘﻂ ـﺎف ر ﺰوﻟـﻒ ﻣﻄ ﻋﻠــﻰﻣـ اﻟﻘﻤــﺮاﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﻲ " إﻛــﺲرِزم ) " ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻄ ﻔـﻲ ﺎﻷﺷــﻌﺔ اﻟﺴـــ ﻨ ﺔ ( ﺑ ﺎﻧـــﺎت ـــﺔ اﻟﻌﻨ ﻔـــﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻘـــﺪة ـــﺔ اﻟﺪﻗـــﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳـــﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌـــﺎت اﻟ ﻮﻧ ﻋﺎﻟ ﻛﺸـــﻔﺖ ﻋـــﻦ ﺳـــﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺮ ـــﺎح اﻟﺴــــﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﻓــــﻲﻣﺮﻛــــﺰﻣﺠــــﺮة ﻣ ﺴــــﻴ ﮫ 82 ) (M82 ــــﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺠــــﺮة اﻟﻨ ﻤ . و ﻈﻬــــﺮﻧﻄــــﺎقﻃﺎﻗــــﺔ ﺧﻄــــﻮط اﻧ ﻌﺎث اﻟ ـ ﺤﺪ ﺪ أن اﻟﻐﺎز ﺘﺤـﺮك ﺴـﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻘـﺎر 3 ﻣﻼﻳـ ﻛ ﻠـﻮﻣ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺴـﺎﻋﺔ . اﻟﺼـﻮرة اﻟﻤُﺪرﺟـﺔ : ﺻـﻮرة ا ﻟﻤﺠﺮة M82 اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺎز " إﻛﺲ " ﺗ ﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰﻣ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب " إﻛﺲرِزم ." [NASA’s GoddardSpace Flight Center, JAXA/NASA, XRISM Collaboration et al. 2026] ر ﺰوﻟﻒ » ﻣﻄ ﺎف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ « ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب " إﻛﺲرِزم " ﻘ ﺲ اﻟﺮ ﺎح اﻟـﺤﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺮة اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرﺔ اﻟﻨ ﻤ ﺔ M82