Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2026 ARABIC VERSION

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER2026 ngineersatNASA’sGod- dardSpaceFlightCenter in Greenbelt,Maryland, have completed their final in- spection of a key element for the agency’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope: the primary mirror. This 7.9-foot (2.4-meter)mirrorwillcollect and focus light from cosmic objects near and far, helping Roman capture stunning pan- oramas of space. “The Roman engineeringteamlaideyeson the telescope for the final time before it, in turn, be- comes the eyes of humanity, revealing the wonders of the cosmos,” said J. Scott Smith, theRomantelescopemanager atNASAGoddard. “Itisapro- foundly humbling moment to witness the culmination of hard work from so many ded- icatedindividuals,teams,and partnerorganizations,includ- ing L3Harris.” OnMay20,engineersturned the Roman observatory onto its side and deployed the “hood” that will be stowed forlaunchtoprotectthemir- ror.Thentheteamconducted a meticulous visual inspection toensurenospecksfellonto the mirrors during testing and confirm there are no changes in the mirror path and alignment. “Wedevelopedamethodof using a high-resolution camera e- quipped with a very powerful zoom lens to do a multi-purpose inspec- tion,” said Bente Eegholm, optics lead for Roman’s Optical Telescope Assembly at NASA Goddard. “The mirror passed with flying colors, keeping the mission on track for an early September launch.” The team carefully observed the op- ticsalongthepathlightwillfollow totheWideFieldInstrument detec- torarrayandconfirmeditremainsin proper alignment following the ob- servatory shake test. “In order to gather very sensitive measurements of objects strewn throughout space, all of Roman’s components have to beultraprecise,” Eegholmsaid. “The primary mirror certainly delivers on that precision.” Roman’sprimarymirrorsportsalayer of silver less than 400 nanometers thick—about200timesthinnerthan ahumanhair.Thesilvercoat- ing was specifically chosen for Roman because of how well it reflects near-infrared light.Bycontrast,theHubble Space Telescope’s mirror is coated with layers of alu- minum and magnesium fluo- ride to optimize visible and ultraviolet light reflectivity. Likewise, the James Webb Space Telescope’s mirrors haveagoldcoatingtosuitits longer wavelength infrared observations. TheRomanmirrorissofinely polished that the average bumponitssurfaceisonly 1.2 nanometers tall — more thantwiceassmoothasthe missionrequires.Ifthemirror werescaleduptoEarth’ssize, thesebumpswouldbejusta quarter of an inch high. Sinceit’smadeofaspecial- tyultralow-expansionglass, themirrorwillresistflexing,w hich can happen to mate- rialsduringtemperature changes(likegoingfrombal- my Earth conditions to the deep freeze of space). This preserves Roman’s im- age quality, because if the primary mirror changed shape, it would distort the images from the telescope. “We’re really proud of the amazing optical system we havedeliveredfortheRo- man mission alongside our partners at L3-Harris,” said Josh Abel, lead Optical Telescope Assembly systems engineer at NASA Goddard. “Now that it’s assembled, aligned, and all cleaned up, we’re ready to ship the instrument to the launch site at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.” NASA expects the missiontobeginreturningincrediblecos -mic vistas within several months afterlaunch.  ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 37 أ ﻤﻞ ا ﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮن ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻏـﻮدارد ﻟﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻨ ﺎﺳـﺎ ﰲ ﻏﺮﻳﻨﺒﻴﻠﺖ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻣﺎرﻳﻼﻧﺪ اﻟﻔﺤـﺺ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻷﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻧﺎﻧـ ـ ﴘ ﻏـﺮﻳﺲ روﻣـﺎن اﻟﻔﻀ ـﺎﺋﻲ وﻫــﻮ ا ــﺮآة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴــﺔ وﺳـﺘﺘﻮﱃ ﻫـﺬه ا ـﺮآة اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﺒﻠـﻎ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ 7.9 ) ﻗﺪم 2.4 ( ﻣـﱰ ﺟﻤـﻊ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻘﺎدم ﻣﻦ اﻷﺟﺮام ا ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺔ واﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة وﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺰه ﻣﻤ ـﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب روﻣ ﺎن ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻘ ﺎط ﺻﻮر ﺑﺎﻧﻮراﻣﻴـﺔ ﻣﺬﻫﻠـﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻀـﺎء . ﻗﺎل ﺟـﺎي ﺳـﻜﻮت ﺳـﻤﻴﺚ، ﻣـﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻏﻮدارد أﻟﻘـﻰ »: ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ روﻣﺎن ﻧﻈﺮﺗﻪ اﻷﺧ ة ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﺼـﺒﺢ ﻫـﻮ ﺑﺪوره ﻋﻴﻮن اﻟﺒﴩﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺸـﻒ ﻋﺠﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﻜﻮن . إﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﻈـﺔ ﺗﺒﻌـﺚ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺘﻮاﺿـﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻴـﻖ، إذ ﻧﺸـﻬﺪ ﺗﺘﻮﻳﺞ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺎد اﻟﺬي ﺑﺬﻟﻪ ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒ ﻣﻦ ا ﻷﻓـﺮاد واﻟﻔـﺮق وا ﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟـ ﴩﻳﻜﺔ ـ ﺑﻤـﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ ﴍﻛﺔ L3Harris . « وﰲ 20 أدار ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ا ﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮن ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﻣﺎن إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ـ ﺛﻢ ﻧ ﴩوا ﻏﻄـﺎء اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴ ﻄﻮى أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻃﻼق ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳــﺔ ا ـﺮآة وﺑﻌـﺪ ذﻟـﻚ أﺟــﺮى اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺤﺼ ﺎً ﺎً ﺑﴫﻳ ﺎً دﻗﻴﻘ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛـﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم ﺳﻘﻮط أي ﺟﺴﻴﻤ ﺎت ﻋـﲆ ا ﺮاﻳﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات وﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم ﺣﺪوث أي ﺗﻐ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻀﻮء أو ﰲ ﻣﺤﺎذاة ا ﺮاﻳﺎ . ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻴﻨﺘﻪ إﻳﻐﻬﻮﻟﻢ رﺋﻴﺴـﺔ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ اﻟﺒﴫﻳﺎت ﰲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﺒﴫي اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺮوﻣﺎن ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺎ ﺮﻛـﺰ ﻏـﻮدارد ﺑ ا ﺎ : » ﻃﻮرﻧﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﻛـﺎﻣ ا ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻣﺰودة ﺑﻌﺪﺳ ﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﺎﺋﻘـﺔ اﻟﻘـﺪرة ﻹﺟﺮاء ﻓﺤﺺ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻷﻏﺮاض . وﻗﺪ اﺟﺘ ﺎزت ا ﺮآة اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﺑﻨﺠﺎح ﺗﺎم ﻣﻤﺎ أﺑﻘﻰ ا ﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﲆ ا ﺴـﺎر اﻟﺼـﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻺﻃـﻼق ا ﻘﺮر ﰲ أواﺋـﻞ ﺳـﺒﺘﻤﱪ . « وراﻗـﺐ اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﻟﺒﴫﻳﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻃـﻮل ا ﺴـﺎر اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﺴﻠﻜﻪ اﻟﻀﻮء وﺻـﻮﻻً إﱃ ﻣ ﺼـﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻛﻮاﺷﻒ ﺟﻬﺎز ا ﺠ ﺎل اﻟﻮاﺳﻊ وأﻛﺪ أن ا ﺤﺎذاة ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﺧﺘﺒـﺎر اﻻﻫﺘـﺰاز اﻟـﺬي ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﺧﺘﺒـﺎر اﻻﻫﺘـﺰاز اﻟـﺬي ﺧﻀﻊ ﻟﻪ ا ﺮﺻﺪ . وأﺿﺎﻓﺖ إﻳﻐﻬـﻮﻟﻢ ﻟﻜـﻲ »: ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب روﻣﺎن ﻣﻦ إﺟﺮاء ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﺎت ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﺮام ا ﻨ ﺘﴩة ﰲ أﻧﺤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ﻳﺠـﺐ أن ﺗﺘ ﻤﺘـ ﻊ ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗـﻪ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪ اً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ وا ﺮآة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﺔ ﺗ ﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫـﺬا ا ﺴـﺘﻮى ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺪﻗـﺔ «. ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ا ﺮآة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻳﻘـﻞ ﺳﻤﻜﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ 400 ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﱰ أي ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎدل ﻧﺤـﻮ 200 ﻣﺮة أرق ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﺮة اﻹﻧﺴﺎن وﻗﺪ اﺧﺘـ اﻟﻄﻼء اﻟﻔﴤ ﺧﺼﻴﺼًﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﻼ ء اﻟﻔﴤ ﺧﺼﻴﺼ ﺎً ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻜـﺲ اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﺗ ﺤــﺖ اﻟﺤﻤــﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒــﺔ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻋﲆ اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻃ ﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺮآة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻄﺒﻘــﺎت ﻣــﻦ اﻷ ﻨﻴــﻮم وﻓﻠﻮرﻳــﺪ ا ﻐﻨﻴﺴــﻴﻮم ﻟﺘﺤﺴــ اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳــﻴﺔ اﻟﻀــ ﻮء ا ﺮﺋــﻲ واﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﻓــﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴــﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤــﺎ ﻃ ﻠﻴــﺖ ﻣﺮاﻳــﺎ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـ ﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ أرﺻﺎده ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ذات اﻷﻃﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻷﻃﻮل . وﻗﺪ ﺻـ ﻘﻠﺖ ﻣـﺮآة روﻣـﺎن ﺑﺪرﺟـﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻗـﺔ ﺑﺤﻴـﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠـﺎوز ﻣﺘﻮﺳــﻂ ارﺗﻔــﺎع اﻟﻨﺘــﻮءات ﻋــﲆ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ 1.2 ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﱰ أي أﻧﻬـﺎ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺗ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒـﻪ ا ﻬﻤﺔ . وﻟﻮ ﺟﺮى ﺗﻜﺒ ا ـﺮآة ﺣﺘـﻰ أﺻـﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻤﻬـﺎ ﺑﺤﺠـﻢ اﻷرض ـﺎ ﺗﺠﺎ وز ارﺗﻔـﺎع ﺗﻠـﻚ اﻟﻨﺘـﻮءات رﺑـﻊ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ وﻷن ا ﺮآة ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ زﺟﺎج ﺧﺎص ﻓـﺎﺋﻖ اﻻﻧﺨﻔـﺎض ﰲ اﻟﺘﻤـﺪد اﻟﺤـﺮاري ﻓﺈﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﻘـﺎوم اﻟﺘﺸـﻮه أو اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء اﻟﺬي ﻗ ﺪ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻐـ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﻘـﺎل ﻣـﻦ ﻇــﺮوف اﻷرض ا ﻌﺘﺪﻟـﺔ إﱃ اﻟـﱪود ة اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪة ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء . ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﲆ ﺟـﻮدة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺻﻮر روﻣﺎن ﻷن أي ﺗﻐ ﰲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ا ـﺮآة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﺔ ﺳـﻴﺆدي إﱃ ﺗﺸــﻮﻳﻪ اﻟﺼــﻮر اﻟﺘــﻲ ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻄﻬــﺎ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب . ﻗـﺎل ﺟـﻮش آﺑـﻞ ﻛﺒـ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﳼ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﺒﴫي ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻏـﻮدارد :» ﻧﺸـﻌﺮ ﺑﻔﺨﺮ ﻛﺒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﴫي ا ﺘﻤﻴـﺰ ﺑﻔﺨﺮ ﻛﺒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟ ـ ﺒﴫي ا ﺘﻤﻴـﺰ اﻟـﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﻨﺎه ﻬﻤﺔ روﻣﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ ﴍﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ ﰲ ﴍﻛــﺔ L3Harris واﻵن ﺑﻌ ــﺪ أن اﻛﺘﻤ ــﻞ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌــﻪ وﻣﺤﺎذاﺗــﻪ وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔــﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣــﻞ أﺻﺒﺤﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﻪ إﱃ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻹﻃﻼق ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺪي اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋ ﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻨﺎﺳـﺎ ﰲ وﻻﻳﺔ ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪا « وﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻫـﺬا اﻹﻧﺠـﺎز ﻣﺤﻄـﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪادات اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ . ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ أن ﺗﺒﺪأ ا ﻬﻤﺔ ﺑﺈرﺳـﺎل ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪة أﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻃﻼق . اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎ ﻘﺔ : ﺗ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟ ﺼ ﻮرﻣ ﺎﺷﺮة ﻋ ﻋﺪﺳـﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـــــــ ﻮب روﻣــــــــﺎن اﻟﻔﻀـــــــﺎﺋﻲ ـــــــﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻤﺼــــــــﻮ ﺗــــــــﻨﻌﻜﺲ ر ﻓـــــــﻲ اﻟﻤــــــــﺮآة اﻟﺮ ﺴ ﺔ . [NASA/Sydney Rohde] ﻘﻮم اﻟﻔﻨﻴﻮن ﺘﺨﺰ ﻦ ﻏﻄـﺎء ﻓﺘﺤـﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب روﻣـﺎن اﻟﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﻟﻠﻄـﻲ وﻫـﻮ ــــــﺎرة ﻋــــــﻦ ﻣﻈﻠــــــﺔ ﺷﻤﺴــــــ ﺔ ﻛﺒــــــ ة ﻣﺼــــــﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻨــــــﻊ دﺧــــــﻮل اﻟﻀــــــﻮء ﻏــــــ ﻋ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮب ﻓ ﮫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻠﺴ ﻮب . [NASA/Sydney Rohde] - ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 6