Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2026 ARABIC VERSION

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER2026 fication from lensing let ALMA re- solvespatialscalesthatwouldother- wisehavebeenextremelydifficultto study at this distance. ALMA de- tected several emission lines from carbonmonoxideandneutralatomic carbon, establishing a precise red- shift of 2.988 — meaning the light beganitsjourneywhentheuniverse wasonlyafewbillionyearsold,dur-ing the era known as “Cosmic Noon,” when galaxies formed stars atthehighestratesincosmichistory. Thesemolecular-linemeasurements lettheastronomersexaminetheex- citationandmotionofthegasinside thegalaxy.Thedatashownoclear signthatapowerfulactivegalactic nucleusdominatesitsenergyoutput; instead,thegaspropertiespointto anintense,compactepisodeofstar formation.Aftercorrectingforgrav- itationalmagnification,theteames- timates the galaxy is forming hun- dredsofsolarmassesofstarsper year,withlargequantitiesofgasand dustpackedintoacompactcentral region.Thatdensitymattersforthe neutrinoquestion:itcreatescondi- tions where energetic cosmic rays can repeatedly collide with sur- rounding matter, producing short- lived particles that decay into gamma rays and neutrinos. Dense, dustystarburstsmayactascosmic- ray“calorimeters”—trappingener- geticparticleslongenoughformuch oftheirenergytobeconvertedinto these secondary particles. Theexpectedneutrinooutputofany single dusty star-forming galaxy is modest, and the study does not claimShadowBlasterhasbeencon- clusivelyidentifiedasthesourceof IC 210922A. But the galaxy’s loca- tion,rarity,compactstructure,and gas-rich core together strengthen thecaseforapossibleassociation— and suggest that similar galaxies couldcontributecollectivelytothe diffuse background of high-energy neutrinos observed across the sky. Populationmodelinginthestudyin- dicatesthatcompact-coredustystar- burst galaxies could account for roughly 15%, and at most around 20% in the models considered, of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux between tens of teraelectron- voltsandpetaelectronvoltenergies. That would be a meaningful but subdominant contribution — imply- ingthatseveraldifferentclassesof astronomical objects are likely re- sponsiblefortheneutrinosIceCube and other observatories detect. Theresultisacleardemonstrationof multi-messengerastronomyatwork: combiningaparticlesignalwithob- servations across the electromag- netic spectrum. It also underscores ALMA’s unique ability to reveal the densegas,dust,andcompactstruc- tureshiddeninsidegalaxiesthatvis- iblelightalonecannotpenetrate.  ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 30 اﻟﻀﻮء ﺑﺪأ رﺣﻠﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤـﺮ اﻟﻜـﻮن ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴـﻨ ، ﺧـﻼل اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ا ﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ » اﻟﻈﻬـ ة اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ « وﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﱰة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ا ﺠـﺮات أﻋـﲆ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ اﻟﺘـﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜـﻮﻧﻲ . وأﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺨﻄـﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ دراﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ اﻹﺛـﺎرة وﺣﺮﻛـﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز داﺧﻞ ا ﺠﺮة وﻻ ﺗ ﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت أي دﻟﻴﻞ واﺿﺢ ﻋﲆ أن ﻧـﻮاة ﻣﺠﺮﻳـﺔ ﻧﺸـﻄﺔ ﻗ ﻮﻳـﺔ ﺗﻬﻴﻤﻦ ﻋﲆ إﻧﺘـﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻞ ﺗﺸـ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻐﺎز إﱃ ﻓﱰة ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ وﻣﻀـﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮّن اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺄﺛ اﻟ ﺘﻜﺒ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺳـﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ر اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ أن ا ﺠﺮة ﺗُﻜﻮّن ﻣﺌـ ﺎت اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺸﻤﺴـﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺳـﻨﻮﻳ ﺎً ﻣـﻊ اﺣﺘـﻮاء ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻬـﺎ ا ﺮﻛﺰﻳـﺔ ا ﺪﻣﺠـﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺒ ة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر . ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ أﻫﻤﻴـ ﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻳ ﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨﻮات ﻷﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﻬﻴـﺊ اﻟﻈـﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﻄﺪام ا ﺘﻜﺮر ﺑﺎ ﺎدة ا ﺤﻴﻄـﺔ، ﻣﻨﺘﺠـﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻗﺼ ة اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ إﱃ أﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻗﺼ ة اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ إﱃ أﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ وﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨﻮات وﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎر اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ واﻟﻐﻨﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺒـﺎر ﺑﻮﺻـﻔﻬﺎ » ﻣﺴﻌﺮات ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ « ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗﺤﺘﺠـﺰ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺪة ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻛﺒ ﻣﻦ ﻃ ﺎﻗﺘﻬـﺎ إﱃ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺠﺴـﻴ ﻤﺎت اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ وﻳﻈﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ا ﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨـﻮات ﻣﻦ أي ﻣﺠﺮة ﻏﺒﺎرﻳ ﺔ ﻣﻨﻔـﺮدة ذات اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر ﻧﺠﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻮاﺿﻌ ﺎً وﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أن ﻣﺠﺮة " " ﺷﺎدو ﺑﻼﺳﱰ ﻗﺪ ﺣ ﺪدت ﺑﺼـﻮرة ﻗﺎﻃﻌـﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪر IC 210922A ﻟﻜـﻦ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ ا ﺠﺮة وﻧـﺪرﺗﻬﺎ وﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬـﺎ ا ﺪﻣﺠـﺔ وﻧﻮاﺗﻬـﺎ اﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺰز اﺣﺘ ﻤـ ﺎل وﺟـﻮد ارﺗﺒـﺎط ﺑﻴﻨﻬـﺎ وﺑـ اﻟﺤـﺪث وﺗﺸـ إﱃ أن ﻣﺠﺮات ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ا ﻨﺘﴩة ﻟﻠﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨﻮات ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﺮﺻﻮدة ﰲ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء . ﺗﺸ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎت ا ﺠﺮﻳـﺔ اﻟـﻮاردة ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ إﱃ أن ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﻐﺒﺎرﻳﺔ ذات اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ واﻟﻨﻮى ا ﺪﻣﺠـﺔ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﺴـﻬﻢ ﺑﻨﺤـﻮ 15% وﺑﺤﺪ أﻗﴡ ﻳﻘـﺎرب 20 % ﰲ اﻟﻨﻤـﺎذج ا ﺪروﺳﺔ، ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ا ﻨﺘﴩـ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨـﻮات ا ﺪروﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ا ﻨﺘ ـ ﴩ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨـﻮات اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﺑـ ﻋﴩـات اﻟﺘ ا إﻟ ﻜﱰون ﻓﻮﻟﺖ واﻟﺒﻴﺘﺎ إﻟﻜـﱰون ﻓﻮﻟـﺖ وﻳﻤﺜﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻣﻬ ﻤـﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﻟﻴﺴـ ﺖ ا ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸ إﱃ أن ﻋﺪة ﻓﺌﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺟﺮام اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺴـﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﻷرﺟـﺢ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨـﻮات اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﺮﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ آﻳﺲ ﻛﻴﻮب وﻏ ه ﻣﻦ ا ﺮاﺻﺪ . ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻣﺜﺎﻻً ﺎً واﺿﺤ ﻋﲆ ﻋﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑـ رﺻـﺪ اﻟﺠﺴـﻴﻤﺎت واﻟﺮﺻـﺪ ﻋـﱪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ أﻃـﻮ ال اﻟﻄﻴــﻒ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴ ـ ﴘـ وﺗﻔـﺘﺢ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ آﻓﺎﻗًـﺎ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة ﻟﻔﻬـﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗــﺔ ﺑـ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺒﺎر وﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨﻮات ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ أﻫﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﺠﻤـﻊ ﺑـ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮي واﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻃﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ودراﺳﺎت اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة ﻮﻓﺔ أ ﺎ ﺼﻘ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺸﻒ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ واﻟﻐﺒﺎر واﻟﺒﻨﻰ ا ﺪﻣﺠﺔ ا ﺨﺘﺒﺌﺔ داﺧﻞ ا ﺠﺮات واﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺮﺋﻲ وﺣﺪه اﺧﱰاﻗﻬﺎ . - ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 6 ﺴﺎراً ـ ﻈﻬﺮﻫﺬا اﻟ ﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤ ﻄﺔ ـﺔ ﺎﻟﻤﺠﺮة اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﺧﻠﻒﻋﺪﺳـﺔ ﺟﺎذﺑ ﺗ واﻟـ ﻤـﻞ اﻻﺳـﻢ اﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻌﺎر » « ﺷـﺎدو ﻼﺳـ وﺗﻘـﻊ ﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻤﺠـﺮة ﻋﻠـﻰ ُﻌـﺪ 11 ﻣﻠ ﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋ ﺔ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺠﺮة اﻟ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻼﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻈ ﺎﻫﺮة ﻓﻲﻣﺮﻛـﺰاﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻣ ﺎﺷـﺮة . : ﺎً وﺳـﻄ ﻟﻘﻄـﺔ ﻣﻘﺮ ّـﺔ ﻟ ـ ﻌﺪﺳـﺔ اﻟـ ﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ ـﺚ ﺗﺘﺴـ ﺐ اﻟﻤﺠـﺮة اﻟـ ﺣ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻮاﻗﻌـﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﺿﻮء » ﻣﺠﺮة ﺷﺎدو ﻼﺳ « اﻷ ﻌﺪ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺗ ﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﺪة ﺻﻮرﻣﺸﻮﻫﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆد ة ﺗﻈﻬﺮﻋﻠﻰﻫﻴﺌﺔ أﻗﻮاس . ﺻﻔﺮاء : ﺎً ﻤ ﻨ ﻟﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻘﺮ » ﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﺮة ﺷﺎدو ﻼﺳ « اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﺧﻠﻒﻋﺪﺳﺔ ﺟﺎذﺑ ﺔ اﻟﺘ . ﻘﻄﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮر ﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺗﺎ ﺎﻣـﺎ ا ﻟﻤﻠ ﻤ ـﺔ دون اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤ ـﺔ ( أﻟﻤـﺎ ) ـ وﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮبﺟ ﻤ ﻧﻮر وﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺟ ﻤ اﻟﺬ ﺗﻤﻮﻟﮫ اﻟ ﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨ ﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻜ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم و ﺪارﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺨﺘ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ . [International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO).Image Processing: T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage/NSF NOIRLab), D. de Martin & M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab). Acknowledgment: PI: Yuji Urata (MITOS Science Co., LTD.)]