Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2026 ARABIC VERSION

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER2026 by modeling of both the CO and dust emission. ALMA played a cru- cialroleincompletingthepicture. Its observations detected higher-en- ergycarbonmonoxideemissionand providedmeasurementsofdustand ionized carbon, together revealing the gas’s physical conditions and confirming that the CO emission linesupspatiallywithotherstar-for- mationtracers.Theresultsconfirm thatREBELS-25isstronglygas-dom- inated, with a reservoir large enoughtosustainvigorousstarfor- mation.Theyalsosuggestthation- izedcarbonemission,oneofALMA’s most powerful tools for studying earlygalaxies,remainsaviable–if imperfect–tracerofmoleculargas at these distances. “This NSF VLA detection is an excit- ingsneakpeekofwhat’stocome withthengVLA,” notedKarin’sPhD advisor,ProfessorJacquelineHodge. “ThengVLAwillallowustofindand studycoolgasinmanymoreyoung galaxies, including those at even earliertimes.Thiswillbecrucialfor understandinghowthefirstgalaxies formed and grew.” The discovery helpsexplainhowsomeearlygalax- iesgrewsolarge,sofast.Thedirect confirmation of such a massive gas reservoir–assembledwhentheuni- versewasstillinitsinfancy–places REBELS-25amongthemostinform- ative laboratoriesforstudyinghow galaxiesbuiltuptheirordinarymat- ter,formedstars,andenrichedthe chemicalcontentoftheirinterstellar mediumduringthefirstbillionyears of cosmic history. Together, ALMA and current and future radio facili- ties are opening a new windowonto the fuel supply of the earliest galaxies. Expanding the sample of galaxies with these kinds of meas- urementsatz>7willbeessentialfor understanding how efficiently the firstgalaxiesformedstars–andulti- mately, how the universe came to lookthewayitdoestoday.  ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 24 ﰲ اﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎن ﻗﺪّر اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟ ﺠﺰﻳﺌـﻲ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ 100 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ وﻫـﻮ ﺗﻘـﺪ ﻳﺮ دﻋﻤﺘﻪ ﺑﺼـﻮرة ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻧﻤﺬﺟـﺔ ﻛـﻞّ ﻣـﻦ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت أول أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﻐﺒﺎر . وﻟﻌﺒـﺖ ﻣﺼـﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣـﺎ ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰﻳـﺔ دون ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰﻳ ـﺔ اﻟﻜﺒ ـ ة أ ـﺎ ) اً دور ( ﰲ ﺎً ﻣﺤﻮرﻳــ اﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﺼ ﻮرة إذ رﺻﺪت اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛـﺎت أﻋـﲆ ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ ﻣـﻦ أول أﻛﺴــﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن وﻗـﺪﻣﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻟﻠﻐﺒﺎر واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ا ﺘـﺄﻳﻦ وﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺎ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻣﻌ ﺎً ﻋﻦ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز وأﻛﺪ أن اﻧﺒﻌــﺎث أول أﻛﺴ ـﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑ ـﻮن ﻳﺘﻄــﺎﺑﻖ ﺎً ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﴍات أﺧﺮى ﻋﲆ ﺗﻜﻮّن اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وﺗﺆﻛــﺪ اﻟﻨﺘــﺎﺋﺞ أن REBELS-25 ﻣﺠــﺮة ﻳﻬﻴﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺒـ ة، وﺗﺤﺘـﻮي ﻋﲆ ﺧﺰان ﺿـﺨﻢ ﻳﻜﻔـﻲ ﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺮار ﺗﻜـﻮّن ﻳﻬﻴﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺒـ ة، و ﺗﺤﺘـﻮي ﻋﲆ ﺧﺰان ﺿـﺨﻢ ﻳﻜﻔـﻲ ﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺮار ﺗﻜـﻮّن اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻻت ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ . ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺗﺸـ إﱃ أن اﻧﺒﻌﺎث اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن ا ﺘـﺄﻳﻦ وﻫـﻮ أﺣـﺪ أﻗـﻮى اﻷدوات اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗ ﺴــﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺼــﻔﻮﻓﺔ أ ــﺎ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ا ﺠﺮات ا ﺒﻜﺮة ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﻣﺆﴍ اً ﺎً ﺻﺎﻟﺤ وإن ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴ ﺎً ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ا ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻫﺬه ا ﺴﺎﻓﺎت . ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ا ﻷﺳﺘﺎذة ﺟﺎﻛﻠ ﻫﻮدج ا ﴩﻓﺔ ﻋﲆ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﻟﻜﺎرﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ »: ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻪ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓ ﺔ ﻛﺎرل ﺟﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺴﻜﻲ اﻟﻜﺒـ ة ﺟـﺪاً اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم ﺤﺔ ﻣﺸﻮﻗﺔ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺳـﻴﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﴩوع ـﻣ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﺎدم اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﺟﺪاً . ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼً إذ ﺳﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ngVLA ﻣﻦ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼً إذ ﺳ ﺘ ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ودراﺳـﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺒﺎرد ﰲ ﻋﺪد أﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌـﻮد إﱃ أزﻣﻨﺔ أﺳﺒﻖ . ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ا ﺒـﺎﴍ ﻟﻮﺟـﻮد ﺧﺰان ﺿﺨﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐـﺎز ﺗﻜـﻮّن ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻛـﺎن اﻟﻜﻮن ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﰲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻠﻪ اﻷوﱃ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ا ﺠـﺮة REBELS-25 واﺣـﺪة ﻣـﻦ أﻛﺜـﺮ ا ﺨﺘـﱪات اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ا ـﺎدة اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﰲ ا ﺠﺮات وﺗﻜـﻮّن اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم وإﺛـﺮاء اﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻤـﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺧﻼل ا ﻠﻴﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘـﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜـﻮﻧﻲ وﻣﻌﺎً ﺗﻔﺘﺢ أ ﺎ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ وا ﺮاﺻﺪ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳـﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﻓـﺬة ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة ﻟﺪراﺳـ ﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺬي ﻏﺬّى أﻗـﺪم ا ﺠـﺮات وﺳـﻴﻜﻮن ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﺠـﺮى ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ z > 7 اً أﻣﺮ أﺳﺎﺳﻴ ﺎً ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﺪى ﻛﻔﺎءة ا ﺠﺮات اﻷوﱃ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم وﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ا ﻄﺎف ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻒ أﺻـﺒﺢ اﻟﻜـﻮن ﻋﲆ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮاﻫﺎ اﻟﻴﻮم . ﺘﺘﺒــﻊ ـــﻮن ﻣـــﻦ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـــﺎراﻟﻌﻈـــ ﻢ إﻟـــﻰ اﻟﻴـــﻮم ﻣﺴـــﻠﻄﺎً ﻫـــﺬا اﻟﺮﺳـــﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺿـــﻴﺤﻲ ﺗﻄـــﻮراﻟ اﻟﻀـــﻮء ﻋﻠـــﻰ ﻣﺠـــﺮة REBELS-25 وﻫــﻲﻣﺠـــﺮة ـــﺔ إﻋــﺎدة اﻟﺘـــﺄ ــﺪة ﺟـــﺪاً رﺻــﺪتﺧـــﻼل ﺣﻘ ﻌ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺒــﻞ 13 ـــﺎرﺳــﻨﺔ ﻣﻠ . ـــﺎت ﺗﻜﺸـــﻒﻋﻤﻠ اﻟﺮﺻـــﺪ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻘـــﺔ اﻟـــ ـ ـــﺎرل ﺟـــﻲﺟﺎﻧﺴـــﻜﻲ اﻟﻜﺒـــ ة ﺟـــﺪاً ﺠﺪ ﺪة ﺎﺳـــﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘ ـــﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠــــﻮم ﺎ ﻌـــﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴـــﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨ وﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﻟﻤﺎ أن ﻣﺠﺮة REBELS-25 ﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰﻣﺨﺰون ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزاﻟ ـ اﻟ ﺎرد ﺠﺰ وﻫـﻮ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﻤ ﺎﺷﺮﻟﺘ ﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮمﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺎن ﻋﻤﺮاﻟ ﻮن 700 ﻣﻠﻴﻮنﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ . [ALMA Observatory] - ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑ ﺮ 2 0 2 6