Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2026 ARABIC VERSION

Answering this open question of whichstarclustersclearawaytheir birthcloudsthefastestadvancesour understandingofgalaxyformation. “Simulationsofstarformationand stellar feedback have struggled to reproduce how star clusters form and emerge from their natal clouds. Theseresultsgiveusimportantnew constraints on that process,” ex- plained Angela Adamo of Stock- holmUniversityandtheOskarKlein CentreinSweden,aleadauthoron the study and PI of the FEAST pro- gramme. Massivestarclusterswiththeirabun- dancesofhotstarsnaturallyemit mostoftheultravioletlightingalax- ies, but this work confirms that they also get a head start on producingstellarfeedbackoverlighter clusters. Knowing where and when this stel- lar feedback is strongest throughout the lifetime of a galaxy allows as- tronomerstobetterpredicthow star- forming fuel is pushed aroundthe galaxy and therefore how stars, and star clusters, are likely to form. Ourtheoriesofhowplanetsform are also impacted by this research. Thefastergasisclearedawaywithin a star cluster, the earlier protoplan- etary discs around stars are exposed toharshultravioletradiationfrom otherstars,andthelessopportunity theyhavetoattractfurthergasfrom thenebula.Thisreducestheoppor- tunitiestheyhavetogrowdustand create planets. “This work brings together re- searchers simulating star formation and those working with observa- tions, as well as groups researching planetformation,” saidAlexPedrini, lead author, also of Stockholm Uni- versity and the Oskar Klein Centre in Sweden. “Using Webb, we can look into the cradles of star clusters and connect planet formation to the cycle of star formation and stellar feedback.”     JULY-AUGUST2026 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 39 ﺗﻈﻬــــــــﺮ ﻫــــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼــــــــﻮرة ﻣ ُﻤّﻌًــــــــﺎ ــﻮّن اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم ﻓـــﻲ أﺣــﺪ أذرع ﻣﺠـــﺮة ﻟﺘ ﻣ ﺴــﻴ ﮫ 51 )M51 ( ـ اﻟــ ﺤﻠﺰوﻧ ﺔ وﻳ ﻠــﻎ ﻗﻄـــــﺮﻩ ﺣـــــﻮاﻟﻲ 800 ﺳـــــﻨﺔ ﺿـــــﻮﺋ ﺔ . ﺗﻘـــﻊ ﻣﺠـــﺮة M51 ﻋﻠـــﻰ ُﻌـــﺪ ﺣـــﻮاﻟﻲ 27 ﻣﻠﻴـــﻮن ﺳــــﻨﺔ ﺿــــﻮﺋ ﺔ ﻣــــﻦ اﻷرض . وﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺳﺤﺎ ﺔ ﻛﺜ ﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐـﺎز ـــــــــــﺚ اﻧﻬــــــــــــﺎر ُـــــــــــﻮّن ﻟﻠﻨﺠـــــــــــﻮم ﺣ اﻟﻤ ـﻞ ﻋﻨﻘــﻮد ﻧ اﻟﺘﻜـﺘﻼت ﻟﺘﺸــﻜﻴﻞ ﻤــﻲ ــــــــــﺔ ــــــــــﺔ اﻟﻔﺮد ــــــــــﺪ اﻟﻨ ﻤ ﻣــــــــــﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗ ـــﺎﻟﻠ اﻷ ﻤــــﺮ واﻟ ﻘـــﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻠــــﺬﻳﻦ ﻮﻧ ﻤــﺜﻼن ﺿـــﻮء اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـــﺖ اﻟـــ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﻨ ﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺘﺄﻳﻦ وﺣﺒﻴ ﺎت ـــــــﺎر واﻟـــــــ اﻟﻐ ـ ﺠﺰ ﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻘـــــــﺪة ﻣﺜـــــــﻞ ـــﺪروﻛﺮﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻄﺮ ـــﺔ ﻣﺘﻌـــﺪدة اﻟﻬ ا ﻠﻘــــــﺎت . ــــــﺔ ﻫـــــــﻲ ـــــــﺪ اﻟﻨ ﻤ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗ ــﺪ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻨﻘـــﺎط اﻟﺴـــﺎﻃ اﻟﻌﺪ ﻌﺔ اﻟـــ ُﻤﻜـﻦ رؤ ﺘﻬـﺎ داﺧـﻞ اﻟﺴـﺤﺐ وﺗ ﻠﻘـﻲ اﻟ ﻨﺠــــــﻮم اﻟﺸـــــــﺎ ﺔ اﻟﻀـــــــ ﻤﺔ داﺧﻠﻬـــــــﺎ إﺷــــــﻌﺎﻋ ﺎً ــــــ ﻋ ﺎً ﻗﻮ ﻠــــــﻰﺳــــــﺤﺐ اﻟﻐــــــﺎز اﻟﻤﺤ ﻄــــﺔ ﻣﻤـــــﺎ ﻳــــ إﻟـــــﻰﻇﻬـــــﻮر ﺆد اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﺰرﻗﺎء اﻟﺴﻤﺎو ﺔ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة اﻟ ﻓﻲ و. ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻬﺎ ﺔ اﺟﺘﻤـﺎع ﺳـﻴﺆد ــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ اﻹﺷــــــــــــــــــــــﻌﺎع واﻟﺮ ــــــــــــــــــــــﺎح اﻟﻨ ﻤ واﻧﻔﺠـــــﺎرات اﻟﻤﺴـــــﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـــــﻰ ﻷﻛـــــــ ﻫـــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﺠـــــــﻮم إﻟـــــــﻰ ﺗﺸـــــــﺘ ﺖ ﺳـــــــﺤﺐ اﻟﻐـــــــﺎز واﺿـــــــﻌ ﺎً اً ﺣـــــــﺪ ـــــــﻮّن ﻟﺘ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻓﻲﻫﺬا اﻟ ـ ﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ M51 . [ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A.Pedrini, A. Adamo (Stockholm University) and the FEAST JWST team] أﻛـﱪ ﺗﻌـﺪ ﺗﻘـﺪﻣﺎ ﻣﻬﻤـ ﺎ ﰲ ﻓﻬﻤﻨـﺎ ﻟﺘﻜـﻮّن ا ﺠﺮات ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ . وﻗـﺪ أوﺿـﺤﺖ أﻧﺠـﻴﻼ أداﻣـﻮ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮ ﻟﻢ وﻣﺮﻛﺰ أوﺳﻜﺎر ﻛﻼﻳﻦ ﰲ اﻟﺴـﻮﻳﺪ وﻫﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ وﻣـﺪﻳﺮة ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﻴﺴـﺖ ": ﻗﺎﺋﻠـﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻛـﺎة ﺗﺸـﻜ ﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم واﻟﺘﻐ ﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺟﻌـﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﺤـﺖ ﻹ ﻋﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎج ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮّن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ وﺧﺮوﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ وﻟﺪت . ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ اً ﻗﻴﻮد واﻋﺘﺒﺎرات ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة وﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ." اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺠﻮم ﺣﺎرة وﻓـ ة ﺗُﺼﺪر ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﻓـﻮق ا ﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ﺠﺮات ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﺆﻛـﺪ أﻧﻬـﺎ أﻳﻀـ ﺎً ﺗﺒـﺪأ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ وﻗﺖ أﺑﻜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ اﻷﻗﻞ . ﻛﺘﻠﺔ وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ أﻳﻦ وﻣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ اﻟﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﰲ وﻗﺖ أﺑﻜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ اﻷﻗﻞ . ﻛﺘﻠﺔ وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ أﻳﻦ وﻣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ اﻟﺮاﺟﻌﺔ أﻗﻮى ﺧـﻼل ﻋﻤـﺮ ا ﺠـﺮة ﻳﺴـﻤﺢ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀـﻞ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ دﻓ ﻊ وﻗﻮد ﺗﺸﻜّﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم داﺧﻞ ا ﺠﺮة . ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗﺸـﻜّﻞ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم واﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴـﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ . ﻛﻤـﺎ أن ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﺎت ﺗﻜـﻮّن اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ . ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﴪﻋﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ اﻷﻗﺮاص اﻟ ﻜﻮﻛﺒﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻴـﺔ ﺣـﻮل اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﰲ وﻗﺖ أﺑﻜﺮ ﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻓ ﻮق ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﻗﺎسٍ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺬب ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ وﻫﺬا ﺑﺪوره ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر وﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ . ﻗﺎل أﻟﻴﻜﺲ ﺑﻴﺪرﻳﻨﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﺮﺋﻴ ـ ﺎً ﴘ أﻳﻀـ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺳـﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮﻟﻢ وﻣﺮﻛـﺰ أوﺳـﻜﺎر ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺳـﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮﻟﻢ وﻣﺮﻛـﺰ أوﺳـﻜﺎر ": ﻛﻼﻳﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺎﻛﻮن ﺗﺸﻜّﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وﺗﻠﻚ ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺪ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﺻ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜ ﰲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﺗﻜﻮّن اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ وﻳﺆﻛـﺪ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑـ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ واﻟﺮﺻـﺪ ا ﺒـﺎﴍ أﻫﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳ ـﺎت ﻣﺘﻌــﺪدة اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼــﺎت ﰲ ﻓﻬــﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ا ﻌﻘﺪة اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗـﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻧﺸﺄة اﻟﻨﺠﻮم واﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ . ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﺧﺘ ﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎ ت اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ أﻋﲆ . ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ داﺧﻞ ﻣﻬﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴـﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ورﺑﻂ ﺗﻜﻮّن اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﺑﺪورة ﺗﺸـﻜّﻞ ا ﻟﻨﺠـﻮم واﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺟﻌﺔ . - ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 6