Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2026 ARABIC VERSION

33 megaparsec—whilepredictionsde- rived from the early Universe yield a lower value, closer to 67 or 68. Al- though the numerical difference is modest,itisfarlargerthancanbe explained by statistical uncertainty. Thispersistentdisagreement,known astheHubbletension,hasnowbeen observedacrossmultipleindepend- ent studies and techniques. Bybringingtogetherdecadesofin- dependent observations into a sin- gle,unifiedframework,aninterna- tionalcollaborationofastronomers hasachievedthemostprecisedirect measurementtodateoftheexpan- sion rate of the nearby Universe. In a paper published on 10 April in Astronomy & Astrophysics , the H 0 Distance Network (H 0 DN) Collabora- tion reports a value of the Hubble constant of 73.50 ± 0.81 kilometers persecondpermegaparsec,corre- spondingtoaprecisionofjustover 1%.Thestudy,“TheLocalDistance Network:acommunityconsensus report on the measurement of the Hubbleconstantat ~ 1%precision,” is the outcome of a broad commu- nityeffortlaunchedattheInterna- tionalSpaceScienceInstitute(ISSI) BreakthroughWorkshop,“What’s undertheH 0 od?”,heldatISSIin Bern, Switzerland, in March 2025. “This isn’t just a new value of the Hubble constant, − the collabora- tionnotes −it’sacommunity-built framework that brings decades of independent distance measure- ments together, transparently and accessibly.” NSFNOIRLabcontributedbothex- pertise and observational data to this effort. John Blakeslee, as- tronomer and Director of Research andScienceServicesatNSFNOIRLab, is a member of the collaboration. The study includes data from tele- scopes at NSF Cerro Tololo Inter- American Observatory (CTIO) in ChileandNSFKittPeakNationalOb- servatory (KPNO) in Arizona, both Programs of NSF NOIRLab. Those data were incorporated into a broader, collaborative framework spanning both ground and space- based observatories, helping to strengthen the overall result. Rather than relying on a single method, the team constructed a “distancenetwork”thatlinksmany overlappingtechniquesformeasur- ing distances across the local Uni- verse. These include observations of pulsating Cepheid variable stars, red giantstarsthatshinewithaknown brightness,TypeIasupernovae,and certain types of galaxies. This ap- proach enables multiple independ- ent paths to the same final result, andallowsforacriticaltest:isthe discrepancy caused by an error withinasinglemethod?Theresults indicate that this is unlikely. Even when individual techniques are re- moved from the analysis, the overall resultchangesonlyminimally.Inde- pendentmeasurementsremaincon- sistentwithoneanother,reinforcing the robustness of the locally meas- ured expansion rate. “This work effectively rules out ex- planations of the Hubble tension that rely on a single overlooked error in local distance measure- ments,” the authors conclude. “If the tension is real, as the growing body of evidence suggests, it may point to new physics beyond the standard cosmological model.” The implications are significant. The lower expansion rate inferred fromtheearlyUniversedependson the standard model of cosmology, which describes how the Universe has evolved since the Big Bang. If that model is incomplete — for ex- ample, if it does not fully account forthebehaviorofdarkenergy, JULY-AUGUST2026 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﺻﻐ اً ﻓﺈﻧﻪ أﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜـ ﻦ ﺗﻔﺴـ ه ﺑﺎﻷﺧﻄﺎء اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻳ . ﻌﺮف ﻫـﺬ ا اﻟﺨـﻼف ا ﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ وﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ا ﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺎت رﺻﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ. ﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺟﻤـﻊ ﻋﻘـﻮد ﻣـﻦ اﻷرﺻﺎد ا ﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ إﻃﺎر ﻣﻮﺣﺪ، ﺗﻤﻜـﻦ ﺗﻌﺎون دوﱄ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ أدق ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن ﻌﺪل ﺗﻤـﺪد اﻟﻜـﻮن ا ﺤﲇ . وﰲ دراﺳـﺔ ﻧُ ت ﰲ ﻣﺠﻠـﺔ ﴩـ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺘـﺎرﻳﺦ 10 أﺑﺮﻳـﻞ أﻋﻠـﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ا ﺴﺎﻓﺎت H0DN ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﺎﺑــﻞ ﺑﻠﻐــﺖ : 73.50 ± 0.81 ﻛﻴﻠــﻮﻣﱰاً ﰲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﺑﺎرﺳﻴﻚ ﺑﺪﻗـﺔ ﺗﺘﺠـﺎوز 1 % ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ . وﺟﺎءت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺛﻤـﺮة ﺟﻬـﺪ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ واﺳـﻊ اﻧﻄﻠـﻖ ﺧـﻼل ورﺷـﺔ ﻋﻤـﻞ دوﻟﻴـﺔ اﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﻬﺎ ا ﻌﻬﺪ اﻟـﺪوﱄ ﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑ ن اﻟﺴﻮﻳﴪﻳﺔ ﻋﺎم 2025 . وأوﺿﺢ اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮن أن ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻘـﺪم ﻣﺠﺮد ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺜ ﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ، ﺑـﻞ ﻳـﻮﻓﺮ إﻃﺎراً ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺎً ﻣﻮﺣـﺪاً ﻳﺠﻤـﻊ ﻋﻘـﻮداً ﻣـﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا ﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ا ﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ وﻣﺘﺎﺣـﺔ ﻟﻠﺒـﺎﺣﺜ . ﺳـﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﺨﺘـﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴ ﺎﺳـﺎت ا ﺴـﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ا ﺴـﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ وﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒـﺎﺣﺜ . ﺳـﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﺨﺘـﱪ ﻧـﻮﻳﺮﻻب اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ـ ﰲ ا ـ ﴩوع ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل اﻟﺨﱪات اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﺻـﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﻤـﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺳ و ﺗﻮﻟﻮﻟﻮ ا ﺸﱰك ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ و ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻛﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻚ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ . ﻻً وﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﲆ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ واﺣـﺪة أﻧﺸـﺄ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑـ » ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ا ﺴﺎﻓﺎت « وﻫـﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﺪة ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ا ﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ا ﺤﲇ . وﺷﻤﻠﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت : اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻘﻴﻔﺎوﻳـﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻀـ و ﺔ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗـﺔ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ذات اﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎن ا ﻌﺮوف او ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع Ia و أﻧﻮاﻋﺎً ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ ا ﺠﺮات . وﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺴﺎرا ت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﺆدي إﱃ اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ : ﻫﻞ ﻳﻌﻮد ﺗﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ إﱃ ﺧﻄ ـﺄ ﻏــ ﻣﻜﺘﺸــﻒ ﰲ إﺣ ـﺪى ﻃــﺮق اﻟﻘﻴﺎس؟ أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن ﻫـﺬا اﻻﺣﺘﻤـﺎل ﻏ ﻣـﺮﺟﺢ . ﻓﺤﺘـﻰ ﻋﻨـﺪ ا ﺳـﺘﺒﻌﺎد إﺣـﺪى اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑ ﻘﻴﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺖ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا ﺴـﺘﻘﻠﺔ ا ﺨ ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺰز ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ا ﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻌﺪل ﺗﻤﺪد اﻟﻜﻮن ا ﺤﲇ . وﺧﻠﺺ اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮن إﱃ أن ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎً اﻟﺘﻔﺴ ات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﺮﺟﻊ ﺗ ـﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﺎﺑــﻞ إﱃ ﺧﻄــﺄ ﻣﻨﻔــﺮد ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﺎت ا ﺴﺎﻓﺎت ا . ﺤﻠﻴﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن ﺗﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸ اﻷدﻟـﺔ ا ﺘﺰاﻳﺪة ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن دﻟﻴﻼً ﻋﲆ وﺟـﻮد ﻓﻴﺰﻳـﺎء ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﻨﻤـﻮذج اﻟﻜـﻮﻧﻲ اﻟﻘﻴـﺎﳼ اﻟﺤـﺎﱄ . ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻷﻗﻞ ا ﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜـﻮن ا ﺒﻜـﺮ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻘﻴﺎﳼ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺎت، ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻘﻴﺎﳼ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺎت، اﻟﺬي ﻳﺼـﻒ ﺗﻄـﻮر اﻟﻜـﻮن ﻣﻨـﺬ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎر اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ أﻣﺎ . إذا ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻏ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜﺎل إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼـﻒ ﺑﺪﻗـ ﺔ ﺳـﻠﻮك اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ أو ﺟﺴـﻴﻤﺎت ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة ﻏـ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ أو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻪ ﻌـﺪل اﻟﺘﻤـﺪد اﻟﺤـﺎﱄ ﺳـﺘﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﴬورة . وﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗـﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﻴﺎس ﺑﻞ ﻣـﺆﴍاً إﱃ أن اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﺤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺪ ﻋﻨﴫاً أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎً . أﻧﺸﺄت ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ ا ﺴـﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة أﺳﺎﺳـﺎً ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻌﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼً ﺑﺈﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ ا ﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرﺻ ـﺎد واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ ـﺎت ﻛﻤ ـﺎ أﺗﺎﺣ ـﺖ ﺟ ﻤﻴ ـﻊ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻬﺎ وﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻨﺼﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪة ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ وﺗﺤﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ . وﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺧﻄﻮة ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﻮﺣﻴـﺪ ﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس ا ﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﺳ ﻼﺳـﻞ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦ ا ﻌﺎﻳﺮات، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨـﺎت ا ﻨﻬﺠﻴـﺔ ﺑ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ . ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻹﻃﺎر إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺼـﺎدر ﻋـ ﺪم اﻟﻴﻘـ ﰲ ﻛـﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺳﻠﻢ ا ﺴـﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺑ ـﺪءاً ﻣ ـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠ ـﻮم اﻟﻘﻴﻔﺎوﻳــﺔ وﺻــﻮﻻً إﱃ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨـﻮع Ia . وﻳﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺤ ﺴ دﻗﺔ ا ﻌﺎﻳﺮ ة ﺑ ا ﺴـﺎﻓﺎت ا ﺤﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة وﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﴫ أﺳـﺎﳼ ﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻤﺪد اﻟﻜﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﻮق . ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺎون اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ اﻟﺒـﺎب أﻣـﺎم دﻣﺞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ا ﺮاﺻﺪ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺰز اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﱪ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت رﺻـﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ . وﻣ ﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ، ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣـﻦ ا ﻤﻜـﻦ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺪى اﺗﺴﺎق اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻋـﱪ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮن، وﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛ اﻟﺘﺤﻴـﺰات - ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 6 ﺗﺼﻮر ﻟﺴﻠ ﻢ ﻓ ـﺔ اﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺎت اﻟ ﻮﻧ ـﺎس اﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺎت وﻫـﻮ ﺗﺴﻠﺴـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﻃـﺮق ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻠـﺔ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻘ ﻋ اﻟ ﻮن ﺣ ﺚ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻞ درﺟﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺴـﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎت ﺗ ـﺪ اﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺎت ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺪرﺟـﺔ اﻷﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﺪ اﻟﺘﺎﻟ ﺔ . وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻄ ﺮ ق رﺻﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻘ ﻔﺎو ﺔ اﻟﻨﺎ ﻀﺔ واﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ اﻟ ـ ﻤﺮاء ذات اﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎن اﻟﻤﻌــﺮوف واﻟﻤﺴــﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤــﻰ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨـــﻮع Ia وأﻧﻮاﻋــﺎً ﻣﻌ ﻨــﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻤﺠـــﺮات . ـــﺪأ ﻓــﻲﻫــﺬا اﻟﺘﺼــﻮرﻳ ﻠﺳ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ﻮﻣﺎ ﺟـﺪاً إﻟ ﻨـﺎ وﻫﻮ أﻗﺮ ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ﻣﺠﺮي ﻏ . ـﺎر و ُﻌـﺪ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻌﻨﻘـﻮد ﻣﻌ اً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻓﻲﻋﻠﻢ ا ﻟ ﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﺮﺻﺪ إذ ﻳﻮﻓﺮﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌ ﺔ ﻟﺮﻂ اﻟﻘ ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﺔ ﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳ ﺲاﻟ ﻮﻧ ﺔ اﻷ ﻌﺪ . و ﻤﻜﻦ ﻗ ﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد ﻣ ﺎﺷﺮة ﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام رﺻـﺪ اﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨـــﻮع Ia . داﺧﻠـــﮫ وﺗﻤﺘــــﺎز ﻫـــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺴـــﺘﻌﺮات ﻠﻤﻌﺎﻧﻬــــﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗـــﻊ ﻣﻤـــﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬــــﺎ أﺟﺴـــﺎﻣﺎً ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗـــﺔ ﻓــــﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ا ﻟ ﻮﻧ ﺔ . [CTIO/NOIRLab/DOE/NSF/AURA/J. Pollard. Image Processing:D. de Martin & M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab)]