Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2026 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE2026 earlyuniverse–100timesmorethan theoreticalstudiespredictedbefore the launch of Webb, according to the research team. “Thereisagrowingchasmbetween theory and observation related to the early universe, which presents compellingquestionstobeexplored goingforward,” saidJacobShen,a postdoctoralresearcheratMITand a member of the research team. Oneplaceresearchersandtheorists can look for answers is the oldest populationofstarsintheMilkyWay galaxy.Asmallpercentageofthese stars have shown high amounts of nitrogen, which is also showing up in some of Webb’s observations of early galaxies, including MoM-z14. “Wecantakeapagefromarcheol- ogyandlookattheseancientstars in our own galaxy like fossils from theearlyuniverse,exceptinastron- omy we are lucky enough to have Webbseeingsofarthatwealso have direct information about gal- axies during that time. It turns out weareseeingsomeofthesamefea- tures, like this unusual nitrogen en- richment,” said Naidu. With galaxy MoM-z14 existing only 280millionyearsafterthebigbang, therewasnotenoughtimeforgen- erations of stars to produce such highamountsofnitrogenintheway thatastronomerswouldexpect.One theory the researchers note is that thedenseenvironmentoftheearly universe resulted in supermassive starscapableofproducingmoreni- trogen than any stars observed in the local universe. The galaxy MoM-z14 also shows signs of clearing out the thick, pri- mordial hydrogen fog of the early universeinthespacearounditself. OneofthereasonsWebbwasorigi- nallybuiltwastodefinethetimeline forthis“clearing”periodofcosmic history,whichastronomerscallreion- ization. This is when early stars pro- ducedlightofhighenoughenergy to break through the dense hydro- gen gas of the early universe and begintravellingthroughspace,even- tually making its way to Webb, and us. Galaxy MoM-z14 provides an- otherclueformappingoutthetime- line of reionization, work that was not possible until Webb lifted theveilonthiseraoftheuniverse.  ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 30 وﻫــﻮ ﻣــﺎ ﻳﻄــﺮح أﺳــﺌﻠ ﺔ ﻣﻬﻤــﺔ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼً ." أﺣـﺪ اﻷﻣـﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜ واﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻋـﻦ إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻫﻮ أﻗﺪم ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﺠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ . ﻓﻘﺪ أﻇﻬﺮت ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺻﻐ ة ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨ ﺠﻮم ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﱰوﺟ وﻫﻲ أﻳﻀ ﺎً ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ أرﺻﺎد ﺗﻠ ﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮات ا ﺒﻜﺮة ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ MoM-z14 . ﻗﺎل ﻧﺎﻳﺪو :" ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺴﺘﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻵﺛﺎر وﻧﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤـﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨـﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎت ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻜـﻮن ا ﺒﻜـﺮ إﻻ أﻧﻨـﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻣﺤﻈﻮﻇﻮن ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔـﻲ ﻷن ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺮؤﻳﺔ أﺑﻌـﺪ ﺑﻜﺜـ ﻟﻨﺤﺼـﻞ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﻋﻦ ا ﺠـﺮات ﰲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وﻳﺘﻀﺢ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻧـﺮى ﺑﻌـﺾ ﻧﻔـﺲ اﻟﺴــﻤﺎت ﻣﺜــﻞ ﻫــﺬا اﻹﺛــﺮاء اﻟﻐﺮﻳــﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﱰوﺟ ." ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ا ﺠﺮة MoM-z14 ﺑﻌﺪ 280 ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻔﺠ ﺎر اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك وﻗﺖ ﻛﺎفٍ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ أﺟﻴﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻹﻧﺘـﺎج ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﱰوﺟـ ﺑﺎﻟ ﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﻧﻬﺎ . وأﺣﺪ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺷﺎر إﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﻧﻬﺎ . ىﺣﺪ وإ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺷﺎر إﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺒـﺎ ﺣﺜﻮن ﻲﻫ أن اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻜـﻮن ا ﺒﻜـﺮ أدت إﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺠﻮم ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻗﺎدرة ﻋـﲆ إﻧﺘـﺎج ﻛﻤﻴﺎت أﻛﱪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﱰوﺟـ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧـﺔ ﺑـﺄي ﻧﺠﻮم ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ا ﺤﲇ . ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺠﺮة MoM-z14 ﻋﻼﻣـﺎت ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻄﻬ اﻟﻀﺒﺎب اﻷوﱄ اﻟﺴﻤﻴﻚ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪروﺟ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ا ﺒﻜﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ . ﻟﻘـﺪ ﻛـﺎن أﺣـﺪ اﻷﺳـﺒﺎب اﻷﺻـﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻨ ـﺎء ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ا ﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴـﻞ اﻟ ﺰﻣﻨـﻲ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻔﱰة ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜﻮن واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴـﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ " إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ " وﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﱰة اﻟﺘ ﻲ أﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺒﻜﺮة ﺿـﻮء اً ذا ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻻﺧﱰاق ﻏﺎز اﻟﻬﻴـﺪروﺟ اﻟﻜﺜﻴـﻒ ﰲ اﻟﻜ ﻮن ا ﺒﻜﺮ وﺑﺪء اﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﱪ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﻟﻴﺼﻞ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ إﱃ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ وإﻟﻴﻨﺎ . وﻳﺸ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف إﱃ أن ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت إﻋـﺎدة اﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺑﺪأت ﰲ وﻗﺖ أﺑﻜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘﺎً وأن ﺑﻌـﺾ ا ﺠــﺮات ا ﺒﻜـﺮة اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌ ـﺎت ﻛﻮﻧﻴ ـﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔ ـﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳ ـﺔ واﺣﺘﻮت ﻋﲆ ﻧﺠﻮم ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ذات إﻧﺘـﺎج واﺣﺘﻮت ﻋﲆ ﻧﺠﻮم ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ذات إﻧﺘـﺎج إﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﺎلٍ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ دورًا أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻐﻴ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺑ ا ﺠـﺮات . ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳﻔـﺘﺢ ذﻟﻚ ا ﺠﺎل ﻹﻋﺎدة ﺗﻘﻴـﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﻤـﺎذج اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ا ﺘﻌﻠﻘــﺔ ﺑﺘﻄـﻮر اﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴــﺔ وﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ا ﺎدة واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ا ﺒﻜﺮة . ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺠـﺮة MoM-z14 دﻟـﻴﻼً آﺧـﺮ ﻟﺮﺳـﻢ ﺧﺮﻳﻄ ﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ وﻫﻮ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﻟـﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻨًﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﻋـﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜﻮن . ﻠﺨــﺺ ــﺎﻧﻲ اﻟــ ﻫــﺬا اﻟﺮﺳـــﻢ اﻟﺒ ـ ﺠﺪول اﻟـــﺰﻣ ﻀـــــــﻊ ـــــــﺎن ﻔـــــــ ضﺣـــــــ ـــــــﻮن ﻤـــــــﺎ ﻟﺘﻄــــــﻮراﻟ ﺳــــﻨﻮات ﻣﻀــــﺖ . ـــــﺎن ــــﻮّن اﻟﻨﺠـــــﻮم ﻌﺘﻘــــﺪ أن ﺗ اﻷوﻟـــﻰ ﻌـــﻮد إﻟـــﻰﺣـــﻮ اﻟﻲ 400 ﻣﻠﻴـــﻮن ﺳـــﻨﺔ ﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎراﻟﻌﻈ ﻢ . واﻟﻴﻮم ﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب ﺟ ﻤﺲو ﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن اﻟﻤﺠـﺮات ﺎﻧـﺖ ــــﻮن ﻌــــﺪ ﻣﻮﺟــــﻮدة ﻓــــﻲ اﻟ 280 ﻣﻠﻴــــﻮنﺳــــﻨﺔ ﻣــــﻦ اﻻﻧﻔﺠــــﺎر اﻟﻌﻈــــ ﻢ ـ وﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟــــ ﺠﺔ ﻫــــﺬا اﻷﻣــــﺮ ﺴﺘﻜﺸـﻒ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء اﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ . ﺗﺸـﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﺗﻐﻴ ات ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺎﺗﻬﻢ . [NASA/WMAP Science Team] ﺗﻤﺪد اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻌﻈ ﻢ 13.77 ﻣﻠ ﺎرﺳﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤﻮﻣ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻀ ﻢ اﻟ ﻮﻧﻲ ــﺔ اﻟﻀــﻮء اﻟﻤﺘ ﻘــﻲ ﻌــﺪ ﺪا اﻟ ﻮن ﻌﺪ 375 أﻟﻒﺳﻨﺔ أول اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻌﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ 400 ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻤﺠﺮات واﻟ ﻮاﻛﺐ وﻏ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺴﺎرع اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤﺔ - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻧﻴﻮ ﻳﻮ 2 0 2 6