Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2026 ARABIC VERSION

The team of resea rchers measured the objects’ col- ors, which are like a finger- print of the surface com- position, as well as their sizes and determined their orbits. Inthecoordinatedobserva- tions,theteamsstudiedtwo differenttypesofTNOs.The first, dynamically “cold” TNOs,areontheiroriginal, relatively circular orbits aroundtheSunintheplane ofthesolarsystem.Thesec- ond type, dynamically “hot” TNOs, formed between the current locations of Uranus and Neptune but were pushedoutwardwherethey are today when the outer gasgiantsmigratedearlyin thesolarsystem’shistory. Today they reside in highly ellipticalorbitsandmoveinandout of the plane of our solar system. Priortotheseobservations,astron- omers thought that small TNOs frombothhotandcoldpopulations would have undergone many colli- sions,changingtheirsurfacescom- paredtolargerTNOs.Butthat’snot what the observations showed. In- stead, the small bodies look like their larger counterparts. This im- plies that collisions are not changing the surfaces significantly—perhaps because there are fewer collisions thanexpected,orbecausetheTNOs somehow retain their primordial, pre-collisioncompositions.Theteams are still trying to unravel this mys- tery. “You could imagine a scenariowhere getting knocked around and fragmented would change the sur- face composition, and then you would see a different surface color for tiny TNOs compared to their largersiblings.Soit’sreallyfascinat- ing to see that the smallest objects aresomehow‘remembering’and preserving the history of how they weremade,” saidNorthernArizona UniversityPhDcandidateAnastasia Morgan, who led the study of color and composition. “These dynamically ‘hot’ TNOs re- tain a signature of where they were born, even though they’ve been or- bitallyscrambledsincethen,” added co-author David Trilling of Northern Arizona University. Both the “hot” and “cold” popula- tions seem to keep the same colors as when they were formed, with lit- tle change since the birth of the solar system. The Webb data also allowed re- searcherstomeasurethenumberof objectsofeachsize.Theyfoundthat the overall size distributions for both populations were surprisingly similar. “It’sveryinterestingthattheprocess of planetesimal formation ends up producing the same distribution of sizes for both cold and hot popula- tions, despite forming in different regionsoftheearlysolarsystem. The process seems to be insensitive to disk conditions, producing similar planetesimal sizes whether the disk is hot or cold, and dense or fluffy,” said University of Victoria PhD can- didate Marielle Eduardo, who ledthe study on size distribution. Researchersalsofoundfewerof theseverysmallbodiesthantheyex- pectedbasedonsomeplanetforma- tionmodels.Webbdiscovered27 new, remarkably dim TNOs, one so faintitisequivalenttostandingon Earth and seeing a small swarm of fireflies on the Moon. The smallest onetheyobservedhasadiameterof about3miles(5kilometers),which isaboutfivetimessmallerthanwhat is possible to detect with the most sensitive ground-based telescopes. This project would not have been possible without Hubble and Webb workingtogethertodetectand characterizetheseTNOs.WithHub- ble’s sensitivity in visible light and Webb’s in infrared, the space tele- scopes provide more insights than eithercanonitsown.     NOVEMBER-DECEMBER2026 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDQYSUR0F1o ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 52 ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺴــﻤﺎء ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗــﺖ ﻧﻔﺴــﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ﻟﺮﺻـﺪ اﻟﻀـﻮ ء ا ﺮﺋ ـﻲ ﻟﻸﺟـﺮام اﻟﻌ ـﺎﺑﺮة ﻟﻨﺒﺘﻮن وﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ ﻟﺮﺻـﺪ ﺿـ ﻮﺋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻄـﺎق اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء وﻗـﺎس اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮن أﻟـﻮان ﻫـﺬه اﻷﺟـﺮام اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺸـﺒﻪ ﺑﺼ ﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰة ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ أﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ أﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺣﺪدوا ﻣﺪاراﺗﻬﺎ . وﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت اﻟﺮﺻـﺪ ا ﻨﺴـﻘﺔ درﺳﺖ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻧﻮﻋ ﻣﺨ ﺘﻠﻔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷﺟﺮام اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮة ﻟﻨﺒﺘﻮن اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول ﻫــﻮ اﻷﺟــﺮام اﻟﻌــﺎ ﺑﺮة ﻟﻨﺒﺘــﻮن اﻟﺒﺎردة » « دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎً اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﰲ ﻣــﺪاراﺗﻬﺎ اﻷﺻــﻠﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﺸــﻜﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﺣـﻮل اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ وﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﴘ أﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜ ـﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻬ ـﻮ اﻷﺟ ـﺮام » اﻟﺤ ـﺎرة « دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴــﺎً، اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﺸــﻜﻠﺖ ﺑــ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ أوراﻧﻮس وﻧﺒﺘﻮن اﻟﺤـﺎﻟﻴ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ دﻓﻌﺖ إﱃ اﻟﺨﺎرج إﱃ ﻣﻮاﻗﻌﻬﺎ د ﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ رج إ ﻮا ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻫﺎﺟﺮت اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﻐﺎزﻳـﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗـﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ﺮاﺣﻞ ا ﺒﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸ ﴘﻤـ وﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ اﻟﻴﻮم ﰲ ﻣﺪارات ﺷﺪﻳﺪة اﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ وﺗﺘﺤﺮك إﱃ داﺧﻞ وﺧﺎرج ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺸ ﻤﴘـ وﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻻرﺻﺎد اﻋﺘﻘـﺪ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ أن اﻷﺟـﺮام اﻟﻌــﺎﺑﺮة ﻟﻨﺒ ﺘـﻮن اﻟﺼﻐ ة ﺳﻮاء ﺿﻤﻦ ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺤﺎرة » أو « اﻟﺒﺎردة » « ﺗﻌﺮﺿ ﺖ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻏ ت أﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺟ ﺮام اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮة ﻟﻨﺒﺘﻮن اﻷﻛﱪ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻟﻜﻦ اﻷ رﺻـﺎد أﻇﻬـﺮت ﺷﻴﺌﺎً ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً ﻓﺒﺪﻻً ﻣـﻦ ذﻟـﻚ ﺑـﺪت اﻷﺟـﺮام اﻟﺼﻐ ة ﺷـﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﻨﻈ اﺗﻬـﺎ اﻷﻛـﱪ ﺣﺠﻤـﺎً وﻳﺸ ذﻟﻚ إﱃ أن اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻻ ﺗ اً ﺤﺪث ﺗﻐ ﻛﺒ اً ﰲ أﺳﻄﺢ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺟﺮام ورﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ إﱃ ﺣﺪوث ﻋﺪد أﻗ ﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻣﻘﺎرﻧـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت أو ﻷن اﻷ ﺟـﺮام اﻟﻌـﺎﺑﺮة ﻟﻨﺒﺘـﻮن ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﺒـﺪاﺋﻲ اﻟـﺬي ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت . ﻻ ﺗﺰال اﻟﻔﺮق اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺎول ﺣﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻠﻐﺰ . ﻗﺎﻟﺖ أﻧﺎﺳﺘﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻮرﻏﺎن ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﻤﺎل أرﻳﺰوﻧﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗـﺎدت اﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ ا ﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻮان واﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ :» ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﺼـﻮر ﺳﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮ ﻳﺆد ي ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﺮض اﻷﺟﺮام ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻣﺎت ﺳﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮ ﻳﺆدي ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﺮض اﻷﺟﺮام ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻣﺎت وﺗﻔﺘﺘﻬﺎ إﱃ ﺗﻐﻴ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ أﺳـﻄﺤﻬﺎ وﻋﻨـﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ رؤﻳﺔ ﻟﻮن ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻟﻸﺟـﺮام اﻟﻌ ـﺎﺑﺮة ﻟﻨﺒﺘ ـﻮن اﻟﺼ ـﻐ ة ﺟ ـﺪاً ﻣﻘﺎر ﻧــﺔ ﺑﻨﻈ اﺗﻬﺎ اﻷﻛﱪ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﺬﻟﻚﻟ. ﻣﻦ ا ﺜ ﺣﻘـﺎً أن ﻧﺮى أن أﺻﻐﺮ اﻷﺟﺮام ﺗﺒﺪو ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﺗﺘـﺬﻛﺮ " وﻛﺄﻧﻬـﺎ " ﺗـﺎرﻳﺦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴــﺔ ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﻬﺎ وﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ «. أﺿﺎف دﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻟﻴﻨـﻎ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺷـﻤﺎل أرﻳﺰوﻧﺎ وأﺣﺪ ا ﺸﺎرﻛ ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﺤ»: ﺘﻔﻆ ﻫـﺬه اﻷﺟـﺮام اﻟﻌ ـﺎﺑﺮة ﻟﻨﺒﺘ ـﻮن " اﻟﺤـﺎرة " دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴ ﺎً ﺑﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺗﺸ إﱃ ا ﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي وﻟ ﺪت ﻓﻴﻪ رﻏﻢ أن ﻣﺪاراﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤ ﻻﺿــﻄﺮاﺑﺎت وﺗﻐ ـ ات ﻛﺒ ـ ة « وﻳﺒ ـﺪو أن ﻣﺠﻤـﻮﻋﺘﻲ اﻷﺟـﺮام » اﻟﺤـﺎرة »و« اﻟﺒـﺎردة « ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻈـﺎن ﺑـﺎﻷﻟﻮان ﻧ ﻔﺴـﻬﺎ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺣـﺪوث ﺗﻐـ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﺬ وﻻدة اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸ . ﻤﴘـ ﻛﻤﺎ أﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻋﺪد اﻷﺟﺮام ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﺿﻤﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷﺣﺠـﺎم ووﺟـﺪوا أن اﻟﺘﻮزﻳـﻊ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻸﺣﺠﺎم ﰲ ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺘ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﺸـﺎﺑﻬﺎً ﺑﺼـﻮرة ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌــﺔ . ﻗﺎﻟــﺖ ﻣﺎرﻳﻴ ـﻞ إدواردو ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮرﻳـﺎ، اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻃﺎ ﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮرﻳـﺎ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗﺎدت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻـﺔ ﺑﺘﻮزﻳـﻊ اﻷﺣﺠـﺎم : ﻣﻦ ا » ﺜ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺟـﺪاً أن ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒـﺎت اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻴـﺔ ﺗـﺆدي ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺔ إﱃ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ﻟﻸﺣﺠـﺎم ﰲ ﻛـ ﻞ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘ اﻟﺒﺎردة واﻟﺤﺎرة رﻏﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣ ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ا ﺒﻜـﺮ ﻳﺒﺪو أ و ن اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻏـ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﺔ ﻟﻈـﺮوف اﻟﻘﺮص إذ ﺗﻨـﺘﺞ ﻛﻮﻳﻜﺒـﺎت أوﻟﻴـﺔ ﺑﺄﺣﺠـﺎم ﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻣ ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎن اﻟﻘﺮصﺣـﺎراً أو ﺑـﺎرداً وﻛﺜﻴﻔ ـﺎً أو ﻗﻠﻴ ـﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓ ـﺔ « وﻗ ـﺪ اﻛﺘﺸ ـﻒ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ 27 ﺟﺮﻣﺎً ﺟﺪﻳﺪاً ﺧﺎﻓﺘﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻷﺟـﺮا م اﻟﻌـﺎﺑﺮة ﻟﻨﺒﺘـﻮن وﻳﺒﻠـﻎ ﻗﻄـﺮ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ 5 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰات أي أﺻﻐﺮ ﺑﻨﺤـﻮ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤـﺪ اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻷﻛﺜـﺮ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ رﺻـﺪه وﻟـﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ـ ﻫﺬا ا ﺸ ﺮوع ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎً ﻟﻮﻻ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ا ﺸﱰك ﺑ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ وﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ ﰲ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﻫـﺬه اﻷﺟــﺮام اﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀــﺔ وﺗﺤﺪﻳــﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼــﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺣ و ﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻄـﺎق اﻟﻀـﻮء ا ﺮﺋﻲ وﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ وﻳﺐ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎن اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺎن ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻮﻓﺮه أي ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﺪه . ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 6 ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔ ﺪﻳﻮ ﻛ ﻒ ﺘـﻴﺢ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮ ﺎ ـﺐ"و" ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ " " و ـﺪة ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻌـﺾ أﻗـﺪم ا ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤـﺎء إﻟﻘـﺎء ﻧﻈـﺮة ﺟﺪ ـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻷﺟـﺮام اﻟ ﺎﻗ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ـﺔ ـﺪة ﺣـﻮل ﻛ ﻔ واﻟﻜﺸﻒﻋـﻦ أدﻟـﺔ ﺟﺪ ﺗﺸـ ّﻞ اﻟﻠ ﻨـﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳـ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻮاﻛـﺐ ﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲذﻟـﻚ ﻮﻛـﺐ اﻷرض ﻓـﻲ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺎد . [NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Paul Morris: Lead Producer]