Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2025 ARABIC VERSION

confirmed by follow-up observa- tions, often using an additional tel- escope, and that takes time. That’s whythereisalonglistofcandidates in the NASA Exoplanet Archive (hosted by NExScI) waiting to be confirmed. “We really need the whole community working together if we want to maximize our invest- ments in these missions that are churning out exoplanets candi- dates,” said Aurora Kesseli, the deputy science lead for the NASA Exoplanet Archive at IPAC. “A big part of what we do at NExScI isbuild tools that help the community go out and turn candidate planets intoconfirmedplanets.” Therateof exoplanetdiscoverieshasacceler- ated in recent years (the database reached 5,000 confirmed exoplanets justthreeyearsago),andthistrend seemslikelytocontinue.Kesseliand hercolleaguesanticipatereceiving thousands of additional exoplanet candidatesfromtheESA(European Space Agency) Gaia mission, which finds planets through a technique calledastrometry,andNASA’sNancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, which will discover thousands of newexoplanetsprimarilythrougha technique called gravitational mi- crolensing. At NASA, the future of exoplanet science will emphasize finding rocky planets similar to Earth and studying their atmos- pheresforbiosignatures—any characteristic, element, molecule, substance, or feature that can be usedasevidenceofpastorpresent life.NASA’sJamesWebbSpaceTele- scope has already analyzed the chemistryofover100exoplanetat- mospheres.Butstudyingtheatmos- pheres of planets the size and temperature of Earth will require newtechnology.Specifically,scien- tists need better tools to block the glareofthestaraplanetorbits.And in the case of an Earth-like planet, the glare would be significant: The Sun is about 10 billion times brighter than Earth — which would be more than enough to drown out ourhomeplanet’slightifviewedby a distant observer. NASA has two main initiatives to try overcoming this hurdle. The Roman telescope will carry a technology demonstra- tion instrument called the Roman Coronagraph that will test new technologies for blocking starlight andmakingfaintplanetsvisible.At its peak performance, the corona- graph should be able to directly imageaplanetthesizeandtemper- ature of Jupiter orbiting a star like our Sun, and at a similar distance fromthatstar.Withitsmicrolensing survey and coronagraphic observa- tions,Romanwillrevealnewdetails aboutthediversityofplanetarysys- tems, showing how common solar systemslikeourownmaybeacross the galaxy. Additional advances in coronagraph technology will be neededtobuildacoronagraphthat candetectaplanetlikeEarth.NASA is working on a concept for such a mission,currentlynamedtheHabit- ableWorldsObservatory.     NOVEMBER-DECEMBER2025 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 6 ﻣ ﺸـﻴﻞ ( ﺴــﺎر ) ﻣـﺎﻳﻮر ــﮫ ﻮ ﻠـﻮزﻋﻤــﻼ ود ﺪﻳ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟ ﻮﻛﺐ 51 ﺑ ﻐﺎﺳﻲ b ﻓـﻲﻋـﺎم 1995 وﻫـﻮ أول ﻮﻛـﺐ ــﻢ ـﺪورﺣـﻮل ﻧ ﻜﺘﺸـﻒ ﺷــــﺒ ﮫ ﺎﻟﺸـــــﻤﺲو ﻔﻀـــــﻞ ﻫــــﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸـــــﺎفﻓـــــﺎز ــﺎء ﻟﻌــﺎم اﻟ ﺎﺣﺜــﺎن ﺑﺠــﺎﺋﺰة ﻧﻮﺑــﻞ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻔ 2019 ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮاً ﻹﺳﻬﺎﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲﻓﻬﻢ اﻟ ﻮن . ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ا ﺮﺷﺤ أرﺷﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺔ وﻛﺎﻟـﺔ ﻧﺎﺳـﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴ ـﺔ ﻟـﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﻀـﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ﻋﻠ ـﻮم اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ( واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﺮ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ . ﻗﺎﻟـﺖ أورورا ﻛﻴﺴـﻴﲇ ﻧﺎﺋﺒـﺔ رﺋـﻴﺲ ﻗﺴـﻢ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم ﰲ أرﺷـﻴﻒ وﻛﺎﻟــﺔ ﻧﺎﺳـﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮاﻛــﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﻀـﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ) IPAC ( :" ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﱃ ﺗﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﺟﻬﻮد ا ﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ إذا أردﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﻌﺜﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﻓ ﺠﺰء ﻛﺒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم ا ﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴـﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻨﺎء أدوات ﺗ ﺴﺎﻋﺪ ا ﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ا ﺮﺷﺤﺔ إﱃ ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ ﻣﺆﻛﺪة . ﻟﻘ ـﺪ ﺗﺴــﺎرع ﻣﻌــﺪل اﻛﺘﺸــﺎف اﻟﻜﻮا ﻛــﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷﺧ ة ﺣﻴـﺚ وﺻـﻠﺖ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت إﱃ 5000 ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ ﺧـﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺛﻼث ﺳﻨﻮات ﻓﻘﻂ ( ، وﻳﺒﺪو أن ﻫﺬا ﻣﺆﻛﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺛﻼث ﺳﻨﻮات ﻓﻘﻂ وﻳﺒﺪو أن ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﲆ اﻷرﺟﺢ . ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﻴﺴﻴﲇ وزﻣﻼؤﻫﺎ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف آﻻف اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴـﺔ ا ﺮﺷﺤﺔ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﻏﺎﻳـﺎ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌـﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴـﺔ واﻟﺘـ ﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺸـﻒ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺗ ﺴـﻤﻰ اﻟﻘﻴـﺎس ا ﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ وﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻧﺎﻧـ ـ ﴘ ﻏـﺮﻳﺲ روﻣـﺎن اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟــﺔ ﻧﺎﺳــﺎ واﻟــﺬي ﺳﻴﻜﺘﺸﻒ آﻻف اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﳼ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮى . ﻳﱰﻛﺰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴـﺔ ﰲ وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﻛﻮاﻛـﺐ ﺻـﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﺑـﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﻷرض ودراﺳـﺔ أﻏﻠﻔﺘﻬـﺎ اﻟﺠ ﻮﻳـﺔ ﺎً ﺑﺤﺜ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺼـﻤﺎت ﺣﻴﻮﻳـﺔ أي ﺧ أو ﺼـﺎﺋﺺ ﺎﻋﻨ ﺌﺎت ﴏ أو ﺟﺰﻳ أو ﻣﺎدة أو ﺳـﻤﺔ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﲆ وﺟﻮد ﺣﻴﺎة ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ أو أن ﺗﺴ ﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﻋﲆ وﺟﻮد ﺣﻴﺎة ﺳـﺎﺑﻘﺔ أو ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ـﺔ . ﻗ ـﺎم ﺗﻠﺴ ـﻜﻮب ﺟ ـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳ ـﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟ ﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺋﻲ ﻷ ﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ 100 ﻏـﻼف ﺟﻮي ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻜﻦ دراﺳـﺔ اﻷﻏﻠﻔـﺔ اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻷرض ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة و ﻋـﲆ وﺟـﻪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻌ ﻠﻤﺎء إﱃ أدوات أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﺤ ﺠﺐ وﻫـﺞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ وﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻷرض ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﻟـﻮﻫﺞ : ﻛﺒ اً ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻤﺲ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺳـﻄﻮﻋ ﺎً ﻣـﻦ اﻷرض ﺑﺤﻮاﱄ 10 ﻣﻠﻴـﺎرات ﻣـﺮة وﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻜﻔـﻲ ﻟﺤﺠﺐ ﺿﻮء ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻨﺎ إذا ﺷﺎﻫﺪه راﺻﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ . ﻟﺪى وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﺒﺎدرﺗﺎن رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﺎ ن ﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻐﻠـﺐ ﻋـﲆ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻌﻘﺒـﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺳـﻴﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب روﻣﺎن أداة ﻋـﺮض ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ " روﻣ ـﺎن ﻛﻮروﻧ ـ " ﻏﺮافﻮ واﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﺳ ـﺘﺨﺘﱪ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺤﺠﺐ ﺿﻮء اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم وﺟﻌـﻞ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘﺔ ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ . ﻣـﻦ ا ﺘﻮﻗـﻊ اﻧـﻪ ﺧﻼل ذروة أداﺋﻪ ﺳ ﻴﻜﻮن ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب روﻣﺎن " " اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﺎدراً ﻋﲆ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ ﺑﺤﺠـﻢ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺔ ﻟ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬ ﻜﻮﻛﺐ ا ﺸﱰي ﻳﺪور ﺣﻮل ﻧﺠـﻢٍ ﻳﺸـﺒﻪ اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ وﻋـﲆ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ وﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﺴﺤﻪ ا ﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ وﻗﺪرﺗـﻪ ا ﺘﻄـﻮرة ﻋــﲆ اﻟﺮﺻـﺪ ﺳﻴﻜﺸـﻒ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب روﻣﺎن " " ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة و ﻣﺬﻫﻠـﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺗﻨﻮع اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺎً ﻛﻴـﻒ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ أﻧﻈﻤـﺔ ﺷﻤﺴـﻴﺔ ﺷـﺎﺋﻌﺔ وﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ﻋـﱪ ا ﺠـﺮة ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ . ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﱃ ﻣﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﰲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ " روﻣﺎن ﻛﻮروﻧﺎﻏﺮاف ﻟﺒﻨﺎء " " ﻛﻮروﻧﺎﻏﺮاف " ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻷرض ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ . ﺗﻌﻤﻞ وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﻋﲆ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮم ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮ ﻟﻬﺬه ا ﻬﻤﺔ ﻳ ﺴـﻤ ﻰ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ اﻟﻌـﻮاﻟﻢ اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة واﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺎت ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻷرض . ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 5