Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2025 ARABIC VERSION

searching for life in the universe. “Thismilestonerepresentsdecades ofcosmicexplorationdrivenby NASAspacetelescopes—explo- rationthathascompletelychanged the way humanity views the night sky,” saidShawnDomagal-Gold- man,actingdirector,Astrophysics Division,NASAHeadquartersin Washington. “Stepbystep,from discovery to characterization, NASA missions have built the foundation to answering a fundamental ques- tion:Arewealone?WiththeNancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and theHabitableWorldsObservatory, Americawillleadthenextgiant leap—studyingworldslikeour ownaroundstarslikeourSun.This isAmericaningenuity,andaprom- iseofdiscoverythatunitesusall.” Themilestonecomes30yearsafter the first exoplanet was discovered around a star similar to our Sun, in 1995. (Prior to that, a few planets hadbeenidentifiedaroundstars that had burned all their fuel and collapsed.)Althoughresearchers thinktherearebillionsofplanetsin theMilkyWaygalaxy,findingthem remains a challenge. In addition to discovering many individual planets with fascinating characteristics as the total number of known exo- planets climbs, scientists are able to see how the general planet popula- tion compares to the planets of our own solar system. For example, while our solar system hosts anequal number of rocky and giant planets, rocky planets appear to be more common in the universe. Re- searchershavealsofoundarange of planets entirely different from those in our solar system. There are Jupiter-size planets that orbit closer to their parent star than Mercury or- bits the Sun; planets that orbit two stars, no stars, and dead stars; plan- ets covered in lava; some with the density of Styrofoam; and others with clouds made of gemstones. “Eachofthedifferenttypesofplan- ets we discover gives us information about the conditions under which planets can form and, ultimately, how common planets like Earth mightbe,andwhereweshouldbe looking for them,” said Dawn Gelino,headofNASA’sExoplanet Exploration Program (ExEP), located at the agency’s Jet Propulsion Labo- ratoryinSouthernCalifornia. “Ifwe want to find out if we’re alone in theuniverse,allofthisknowledge is essential.” Fewer than 100 exo- planetshavebeendirectlyimaged, because most planets are so faint theygetlostinthelightfromtheir parentstar.Theotherfourmethods ofplanetdetectionareindirect. Withthetransitmethod,forin- stance, astronomers look for a star to dim for a short period as an or- biting planet passes in front of it. To account for the possibility that somethingotherthananexoplanet is responsible for a particular signal, mostexoplanetcandidatesmustbe ﻳﻤﺜ ـﻞ ﻫ ـﺬا اﻹﻧﺠ ـﺎز ﺗﺘﻮﻳﺠـﺎً ﻟ د ﻌﻘ ـﻮ ﻣ ـﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺎدﺗﻪ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﺬي ﺎً ﻏ ﺗﻤﺎﻣ رؤﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﴩﻳﺔ إﱃ ﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ . ﻗﺎل ﺷﻮن دوﻣﺎﺟﺎ ل ﻏﻮﻟﺪﻣﺎن اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺄ ﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔ ﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻘـﺮ ﰲ وﻛﺎﻟـﺔ ﻧﺎﺳـﺎ ﰲ واﺷـﻨﻄﻦ : " ﺧﻄﻮة ﺑﺨﻄﻮة ﻣﻦ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف إﱃ اﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﻒ أرﺳﺖ ﺑﻌﺜﺎت ﻧﺎﺳـﺎ اﻷﺳـﺎس ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑـﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺳﺆال ﺟﻮﻫﺮي : ﻫﻞ ﻧﺤﻦ وﺣﺪﻧﺎ ؟ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن وأﺿﺎف إن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻧﺎﻧ ـ ﴘﻏﺮﻳﺲ روﻣﺎن اﻟﻔﻀﺎ ﺋﻲ وﻣﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻌـﻮاﻟﻢ اﻟﺼـﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة ﺳﻴﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﻔﺰة اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺤـﻮ در اﺳﺔ ﻋﻮاﻟﻢ ﺷـﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑـﺎﻷرض ﺗـﺪور ﺣـﻮل ﻧﺠﻮم ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﺆﻛﺪا ًأن ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺴﺪ روح اﻹﺑﺪاع اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ و ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻹﻧﺠﺎز ﺑﻌﺪ 30 ﺎً ﻋﺎﻣ ﻣﻦ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف أول ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ ﺧـﺎرﺟﻲ ﻳﺪور ﺣﻮل ﻧﺠﻢ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋـﺎم 1995 . ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣ أن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ رﺻﺪت ﺳـﺎﺑﻘﺎً ﺣﻮل ﻧﺠﻮم ﻣﻴﺘـﺔ اﺳـﺘﻨﻔﺪت وﻗﻮدﻫـﺎ إﻻ أن اﻛﺘﺸ ﺎف ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ ﺣﻮل ﻧﺠﻮم ﺣﻴﺔ ﻏ ﻣﺴـﺎر اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ورﻏﻢ اﻋﺘﻘـﺎد ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﺑﻮﺟـﻮد ﻣﻠﻴ ـﺎرات اﻟﻜﻮاﻛ ـﺐ ﰲ ﻣﺠـﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـﺔ إﻻ أن اﻟﻌﺜـﻮر ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻻ ﻳـﺰال ﻳﻤﺜــﻞ . ﺎً ﺗﺤﺪﻳ وﻣﻊ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋـﺪد اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ ا ﻜﺘﺸـﻔﺔ ذات اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ا ﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ﻣ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ اﻟﻌﺪ ﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴ ﻮ ﺎتﻓﻲاﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋــــــــﻦ اﻟ ﻮاﻛــــــــﺐ اﻟــــــــ ـ – ﺨﺎرﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻮاﻛــــــــﺐﺧــــــــﺎرج ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨـﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺴــﻲ - ودراﺳـﺘﻬﺎ ﻤــﺎ ﻓـﻲذﻟــﻚ ﻌﻀـﻬﺎ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ) ﺗﻌــﺮضﻫﻨـﺎ ﺗﺼــﺎﻣ ( ﻤﻬﺎ وﻋﻠـــــــــــــــﻰ اﻷرض وﺗﺘـــــــــــــــﻮﻟﻰﻫـــــــــــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻬ ﻤـــــــــــــــﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤــــﺎت ﻣــــﻦ ﻤﻴـــــﻊ أﻧﺤــــﺎء اﻟﻌـــــﺎﻟﻢ ﻤــــﺎ ﻓـــــﻲ ــﺔ وو ﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎء ذﻟــﻚ و ﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء اﻷوروﺑ اﻟﻜﻨﺪ ﺔ واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم . [NASA/JPL-Cal ch] ﺗﻌــﺪاد اﻟﻜﻮاﻛــﺐ اﻟﻌ ـﺎم ﺑﻜﻮاﻛ ـﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨ ـﺎ اﻟﺸ ﻓ ﻤﴘـ ﻌـﲆ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜـﺎل ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻳﻀـﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ﻋﺪد اً ﺎُ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺼــﺨﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗــﺔ ﻳﺒــ ﺪو أن اﻟﻜﻮاﻛــﺐ اﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋ ﺎً . ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻛﻤﺎ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮ ن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺎً ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠـﻚ ا ﻮﺟـﻮدة ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨـﺎ اﻟﺸـ . ﻤﴘـ ﻓﻬﻨـﺎك ﻛﻮاﻛـﺐ ﺑﺤﺠـﻢ ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ ا ﺸﱰي ﺗﺪور ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ أﻗـﺮب إﱃ ﻧﺠﻤﻬـﺎ اﻷم ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ دوران ﻋﻄﺎرد ﺣﻮل اﻟﺸﻤﺲ وﻛﻮاﻛﺐ ﺗﺪور ﺣـﻮل ﻧﺠﻤـ وﻛﻮاﻛـﺐ ﺑـﻼ ﻧﺠﻮم وﻛﻮاﻛـﺐ ﺗـﺪور ﺣـﻮل ﻧﺠـﻮم ﻣﻴﺘـﺔ و ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ ﻣﻐﻄﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻢ اﻟﱪﻛﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺑﻌﻀـﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓــﺔ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴــﱰﻳﻦ وأﺧـﺮى ﺑﻐﻴـﻮم ﻣـﻦ ا ﻷﺣﺠﺎر اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻤﺔ . ﺗﻘﻮل دون ﺟﻴﻠﻴﻨﻮ رﺋﻴﺴـﺔ ﺑﺮﻧ ـﺎﻣﺞ اﺳﺘﻜﺸـﺎف اﻟﻜﻮاﻛ ـﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴ ـﺔ ) ExEP ( اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ اﻟـﺪﻓ ﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﺎث اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻨـﻮب ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴـ ﺎ ﻳ": ﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﻈـﺮوف اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ وﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳــﺔ ﻣـﺪى ﺷﻴﻮع ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷرض وأﻳـﻦ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ ﻟﻨـﺎ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ و إذا أردﻧـﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻣـﺎ إذا ﻛﻨـﺎ وﺣـﺪﻧﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻜـﻮن ﻓـﺈن ﻛـﻞ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ". ﴐورﻳﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ أﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ 100 ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ــــ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ﻷن ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ ﺧﺎرج ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﴘ اً ﺧﺎﻓﺘﺔ ﺟـﺪ ﻟﺪرﺟـﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻀﻴﻊ ﰲ ﺿﻮء ﻧﺠ ﻮﻣﻬﺎ ا ﻀﻴﻔﺔ . إن اﻟﻄﺮق اﻷرﺑﻊ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻏ ﻣﺒﺎﴍة . ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜ ﺎل ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ اﻟﻌﺒﻮر ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﻋـﻦ ﻧﺠـﻢ ﻳﺨﻔﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻟﻔﱰة ﻗﺼ ة ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮور ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﻳـﺪور أﻣﺎﻣـﻪ وﻟﺰﻳـﺎدة اﻟﺪﻗـﺔ ﺗـﺘﻢ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧـﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ا ﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴـ ا ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ أن ﻳﻜـﻮن ﳾء آﺧـﺮ ﻏـ ﻛﻮ ﻛـﺐ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻً ﻋﻦ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺠـﺐ و أن ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺨﺎر ﺟﻴﺔ ا ﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت رﺻـﺪ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺎً ﻏﺎﻟﺒـ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب إﺿـﺎﰲ وﻫـﺬا ﻳﺴـﺘﻐﺮق ﺎً وﻗﺘ اً وﺟﻬﺪ اً ﻛﺒ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮق اﻟﺒﺤﺚ . ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 5