Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2025 ARABIC VERSION

Weighing in at 10 to 100 times heavier than our sun, massive stars are powered by nuclear fusion. In that process, intense pressure and extreme heat in the stellar core cause lighter elements to fuse to- gether, generating heavier ele- ments. As the star evolves overtime, successively heavier elements are burned in the core, while lighter elements are burned in a series of shells around the core. This process continues, eventually leading to a core of iron. When the iron core col- lapses, it triggers a supernova or forms a black hole. Although massive starstypically shed layers before exploding, SN 2021yfj ejected far more material than scientists had ever previously detected. Other observations of “stripped stars” have revealed inner layersofheliumorcarbonandoxy- gen — exposed after the outer hy- drogen envelope was lost. But astrophysicists had never glimpsed anything deeper than that. “Stars experience very strong insta- bilities,” Schulze said. “These insta- bilities are so violent that they can cause the star to contract. Then, it suddenly liberates so much energy that it sheds its outermost layers. It candothismultipletimes.” Schulze and their team discoveredSN 2021yfj in September 2021, using the wide- field camera on the Zwicky TransientFacility(ZTF)basedon Palomar Mountain in Southern Cal- ifornia.After looking through ZTF data, Schulze spotted an extremely luminous object in a star-forming region located 2.2 billion light-years from Earth. Without any idea what it was, but recognizing they had never seen it before,SchulzeandMillersought to obtain the object’s spectrum to determine which elements were present in the explosion. Schulze contacted Yi Yang, then a postdoctoral scholar in Alex Filip- penko’sgroupandnowanassistant professor at Tsinghua University, China. Filippenko, a distinguished professorofastronomyattheUni- NOVEMBER-DECEMBER2025 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 42 رﺳـــﻢ ﺗﺨ ﻠـــﻲ ﻵﺛـــﺎر اﻟﻤﺴـــﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈـــﻢ . ﺣـــ ـــــﺖ ﻌــــﺪ ﺗﻔﺘ ﻣﺮﻛـــــﺰﻩ اﻟـــــﻨ ﻢ ﺣــــ اﺳـــــﺘﻤﺮﻓـــــﻲ اﻟﺘﻌـــــﺮ ــــــﺎتٍ ﻋﻨ ﻔــــــﺔ ﻣـــــﻦ ﻓﻘــــــﺪان اﻟﻜﺘﻠــــــﺔ ض ﻟﻨﻮ ﺎً ﻣﻄﻠﻘــــــ أﻏﻠﻔــــــﺔ ــــــﺔ ﻣــــــﻦ ﻣــــــﻮاد ﻏﻨ ﺎﻟﺴــــــ ﻠ ﻮن رﻣـــــــــــــﺎد ) ( ـــــــــــــﺖ واﻟﻜ ) أﺻـــــــــــــﻔﺮ ( واﻷرﺟـــــــــــــﻮن ) أرﺟﻮاﻧﻲ ( وﻗﺪ وﻟ ﺪ اﻻﺻﻄ ﺪام اﻟ ﺎرﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻷﻏﻠﻔــــﺔ اﻟﻀــــ ﻤﺔ ﻤــــﺎ ﻫــــﻮ ﻣﻮﺿــــﺢ ﻓــــﻲﻫــــﺬا اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻧﻔﺠﺎراً ﺳـﺎﻃﻌﺎً ﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈـﻢ ﻤﻜـﻦ رؤ ﺘـــــﮫ وﻫـــــﻮ ﻤ ﺘــــــﺪ ﻟﻤﺴـــــﺎﻓﺔ 2.2 ـــــﺎرﺳــــــﻨﺔ ﻣﻠ ﻋ ﺿﻮﺋ ﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﻣﻤﺎ ﻀﻲء اﻟ ﻮن ﺄﻟﻮاﻧﮫ . [Keck Obs./Adam Makarenko] اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﱰاوح وزﻧﻬﺎ ﺑـ 10 و 100 ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج اﻟﻨـﻮوي . ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻳﺘﺴـﺒﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ واﻟﺤـﺮارة اﻟﻬـﺎﺋﻼن ﰲ ﻗﻠـﺐ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ إﱃ اﻧﺪﻣﺎج اﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ ا ﻷﺧـﻒ ﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﴏ أﺛﻘﻞ وﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﺤﱰق اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﻷﺛﻘـﻞ ﺗـﺪرﻳﺠﻴﺎً اﻟﻘﻠـﺐ ﰲ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﱰق اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﻷﺧﻒ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷﻏ ﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻮﻟ . ﻪ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﺬ ه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ إﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ و ﻳﻨﻬﺎر اﻟ ﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ي ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ ﻳﻄﻠـﻖ اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈﻢ أو ﻳ ﺘ ﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد . ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻣـﺎ ﺗﺘ ﺨﻠﺺ ﻣـﻦ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎت ﻗﺒـﻞ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎر إﻻ أن ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ SN2021yfj ﻗﺬف ﻣﻮاد أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣﻤﺎ اﻛﺘﺸﻔ ﻪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ . ﻛﺸﻔﺖ أرﺻﺎد أﺧﺮى ﻋـﻦ " ﻧﺠـﻮم " ﻣﺠـﺮدة أﻇﻬﺮت ﻃﺒﻘﺎت داﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻠﻴﻮم واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻷﻛﺴﺠ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟ ﻓﻘﺪان ﻐﻼف اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟ ﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟـﻢ ﻳﻠﻤﺤﻮا أﺑﺪ اً أيﳾء أﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ . ﻗﺎل ﺳﺘﻴﻒ : " ﺷﻮﻟﺰ ﺗﺸـﻬﺪ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺣـﺎﻻت ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ﻟ ﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ و ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺤـﺎﻻت ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﺘﺴـﺒﺐ ﰲ اﻧﻜﻤـﺎش اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻓﺠﺄة ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠـﺔ ﺗﻘـﺬف ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﻦ وﻳ أن ﻳﺤﺪث ذﻟﻚ ﻋﺪة ." ﻣ ـﺮات ﺗــﻢ اﻛﺘﺸ ـﺎف ا ﺴــﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈــﻢ 2021yfj SN ﰲ ﺳــﺒﺘﻤﱪ 2021 ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﻛـﺎﻣ ا واﺳـﻌﺔ ا ﺠـﺎل ﰲ ﻣﻨﺸـﺄة زوﻳﻜـﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮة (ZTF) اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻣـﺎر ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴـﺎ . أﻇﻬـﺮت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺎً ﺟﺴﻤ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺴﻄﻮع ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﺴـﻄﻮع ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮّن ﺗﻜﻮ ن اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ 2.2 ﻣﻠﻴـﺎر ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض د ون ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘـﻪ ﰲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ . إدراك أﻧﻬﻢ أﻣﺎم ﻇـﺎﻫﺮة ﻓﻠﻜﻴـﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﺸـﺎﻫﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺳـﻌﻰ ﺷـﻮﻟﺰ ﻟ وﻓﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﻃﻴﻒ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮدة ﰲ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎر . ﺗﻮاﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﻟﺰ ﻣﻊ ﻳﻲ ﻳﺎﻧﻎ اﻟﺬي ﻛـﺎن آﻧـﺬاك ﺎً ﺑﺎﺣﺜ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﻟﻴﻜﺲ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺒ ﻴﻨﻜﻮ، وﻫﻮ اﻵن أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﻨﻐﻬﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﺼ . ﻛـﺎن ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺒﻴﻨﻜـﻮ، أﻟﻴﻜﺲ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺒﻴﻨﻜﻮ وﻫﻮ اﻵن أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﻨﻐﻬﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﺼ . ﻛـﺎن ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺒﻴﻨﻜـﻮ اﻷﺳـﺘﺎذ ا ﺮﻣـﻮق ﰲ ﻋﻠــﻢ اﻟﻔﻠ ـﻚ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌ ـﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﺑ ﻛﲇ ﻣﻬﺘﻤ ﺎً اً ﺟـﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ اﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪة وﻛﺎن ﻣﻔﺘﻮﻧ ﺎً ﺑﻬـﺬا اﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺤـﻆ ﻛـﺎن ﻳﺮﺻـﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﻛﻴـﻚ وﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﻃﻴـﻒ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈـﻢ ﺣــﺪﻳﺚ اﻻﻛﺘﺸــﺎف ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻄﻴــﺎف اﻟﺘﺼــﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻄﻴــﺎف اﻟﺘﺼــﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 5