Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2025 ARABIC VERSION

Array(NOEMA)inFrance,theKarl G.JanskyVeryLargeArray(VLA)in theUSA,andtheNASA/ESAHubble Space Telescope. The findings are published in The Astrophysical Jour- nal . The galaxy, known as HerS-3, lies 11.6 billion light-years away and appearsmultipliedintofiveimages by a massive group of galaxies lo- cated 7.8 billion light-years from Earth. This striking lensing effect, called an Einstein Cross, is scarce, andinthiscase,evenmoreextraor- dinarybecauseofthepresenceofa bright fifth image at the center of the cross. The light from HerS-3 is bent by four massive foreground galaxies that sit at the core of a largergroupcontainingatleastten more galaxies. However, detailed lensingmodelsshowedthatthevis- ible galaxies alone could not ac- countfortheexactarrangementof the five images. “The only way to reproducetheremarkableconfigu- ration we observed was to add an invisible,massivecomponent:adark matter halo at the center of the galaxygroup,” explainsPierreCox, fromtheInstitutd’Astrophysiquede Paris and lead author of the study. “This halo weighs several trillion times the mass of our Sun.” Darkmattermakesupabout80%of all matter in the universe, but it does not emit or absorb light. Astronomers can only detectit throughitsgravitationaleffects.The HerS-3EinsteinCrossoffersaunique laboratory for studying how dark matterinfluences theformation of galaxies in the early universe. Be- cause of the magnification caused by lensing, the team was able to study HerS-3 in unprecedented de- tail. The galaxy appears as a lumi- nous starburst, with an inclined rotatingdiskandstrongoutflowsof gasfromitscenter. “HerS-3formed whentheuniversewasjusttwobil- lion years old, during the peak of cosmic star formation,” says Hugo Messias,co-authorofthestudyand astronomer at the ALMA Observa- tory. “Thanks to this natural tele- scope,wecanzoomintoregions10 times smaller than the Milky Way, almost 12 billion light-years away, andintheprocessinferhiddenmat- terinthelight-of-sight.” Thisisthe first detection of an Einstein Cross at submillimeter and radio wave- lengths—a milestone for facilities like ALMA that probe the cold gas anddustfuelingthebirthofstarsin galaxiesintheearlyuniverse.     [N.Lira,Coxetal.-ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)] ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 13 ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ اﻟﻠﻮﺣــﺔ اﻟ ﺴــﺮى اﻟﻤﺠـﺮة HerS-3 ﺗﻀــ ﻤﺖ واﻟــ ــﺎً ﺟﺎذﺑ ﻓــﻲ ــﻮﻳﻦ ﺗ ﺻــﻠ ﺐ أ ﻨﺸــﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻣــﻊ ﺻــﻮرة ﺧﺎﻣﺴــﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ــﺔ ﺳــﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻤـــﺎ رﺻــﺪت ﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼــﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤـــ اﻟﺸــﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﺘــﺪ ) NOEMA ( ﻓـــﻲ ــﺔ ﻧﻄــﺎق اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﺎت اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤ ـ اﻟــ ) ﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺼــﻔﺮاء ( ــﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰﺻـﻮرة ﻣُﺮﻛ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮب ﻫﺎﺑــﻞ ﻓــﻲ ﻧﻄــﺎق اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـــﺖ اﻟـــ ـ ــــﺔ ﻣﺤـــﺪدة اﻟﻤﺠـــﺮات اﻷرــــﻊ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ﻣـــﻦ ) G1 إﻟـــﻰ G4 ( ﻟﻤ ﻤﻮﻋــــﺔ اﻟﻤﺠـــﺮات اﻟﻤﺴـــﺒ ﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺳــــﺔ اﻟـــﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ . ﺸــ اﻟــﻨ ﻢ اﻷﺻــﻔﺮإﻟــﻰﻣﻮﻗــﻊ ﻫﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟﻤــﺎدة اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤــﺔ اﻟﻤﺮ ﻄــﺔ ﺎﻟﻤ ﻤﻮﻋــﺔ . ﺗﻈﻬــﺮاﻟﻠﻮﺣــﺔ اﻟ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺼ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟ ﻞ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮراﻟ ـ ﻤﺲ ﻟﺼﻠ ﺐ أ ﻨﺸـﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻤـﺎ ﻛﺸـﻒﻋﻨﻬـﺎ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ أﻟﻤـﺎ ﻣﻤـﺎ … ﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء دراﺳﺔ ﺗﻮز ﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزواﻟﻐ ﺎرﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺮة اﻟ ـ ﺨﻠﻔ ﺔ وﻓﻬﻢ ﺗﺄﺛ ات اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟ ـ ﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ ﺪﻗﺔ . [P.Coxetal/ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/NOEMA] وﻣﺼـﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻛـﺎرل ﺟﺎﻧﺴـﻜﻲ اﻟﻜﺒـ ة ﺟـﺪ اً ) VLA ( ﰲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳ ــﺎت ا ﺘﺤ ــﺪة إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧ ــﺐ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟ ﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ووﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻧ وﻗﺪ ﴩت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﰲ ﻣﺠ ﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ . ﺗﻘﻊ ا ﺠﺮة ا ﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ HerS-3 ﺑُﻌﺪ ﻋﲆ 11.6 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ وﻗﺪ ﺗـﻢ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺮات ﺧﻤﺲ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺗـﺄﺛ ﻋﺪﺳـﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ ﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﺠﺮات ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋـﲆ ﺑُﻌـﺪ 7.8 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض . ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﺄﺛ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ ا ﻌـﺮوف ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ ﺻﻠﻴﺐ أﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻧﺎدراً وﻳﺰداد ﻏﺮاﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻇﻬﻮر ﺻﻮرة ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﺳﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺼﻠﻴﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺿـﻮء ا ﺠـﺮة HerS-3 ﺑﻔﻌﻞ أرﺑﻊ ﻣﺠﺮات ﺿﺨﻤﺔ أﻣﺎﻣﻴـﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻗﻠﺐ أﻛ ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ﻳﱪ ﻀﻢ ﻋﴩ ﻣﺠـﺮات أﺧﺮى ﻋﲆ اﻷﻗﻞ وﻣﻊ ذﻟـﻚ أﻇﻬـﺮت ﻧﻤـﺎذج ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ أن ا ﺠﺮا ت ا ﺮﺋﻴﺔ وﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻔﺴ اﻟﱰﺗﻴـﺐ اﻟـﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺼﻮر اﻟﺨﻤﺲ . ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﺑﻴـ ﻛـﻮﻛﺲ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺑـﺎرﻳﺲ وا ﺆﻟـﻒ اﻟﺮﺋﻴ ـ ﴘـ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳـﺔ " : اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ـﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴ ـﺪة ﻹﻋﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ا ﻠﺤﻮظ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑ ﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻜﻮن ﺿﺨﻢ ﻏ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ : ﻫﺎﻟﺔ ا ﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ا ﺠﺮات ." وﻳﻀـﻴﻒ " : ﺗ ـﺰن ﻫـﺬه ا ﻟﻬﺎﻟ ـﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧ ـﺎت أﺿﻌﺎف ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗ ". ﺸﻜﻞ ا ﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﺣﻮاﱄ 80 % ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﱄ ﻣـﺎدة اﻟﻜـﻮن ﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﺗُﺼﺪر أو ﺗﻤـﺘﺺ اﻟﻀـﻮء . ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ﻻ ﺗﺼﺪر أو ﺗﻤﺘﺺ اﻟﻀﻮء وﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺄﺛ اﺗﻬﺎ اﻟ . ﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺻﻠﻴﺐ اﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ HerS-3 اً ﻣﺨﺘﱪ اً ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗـﺄﺛ ا ـﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺗ ﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ا ﺠﺮات ﰲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺎت اﻟﻜـﻮن وﺑﻔﻀـﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺒـ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ــ دراﺳــﺔ ا ﺠــﺮة HerS-3 ﺑﺘﻔﺼــﻴﻞ ﻏــ . ﻣﺴﺒﻮق ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ا ﺠﺮة ﻛﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻧﺠﻤﻲ ﻣﴤء ﻣ ﺑ ﺰوداً ﻘﺮص دوار ﻣﺎﺋـﻞ وﺗـﺪﻓﻘﺎت ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰه . ﻳﻘﻮل ﻫﻮﻏـ ﻮ ﻣﻴﺴـﻴﺎس ا ﺆﻟـﻒ ا ﺸـﺎرك ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ أ ـﺎ " : ﺗﻜّـﻮن ﺻﻠﻴﺐ أﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ HerS-3 ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻛـﺎن ﻋﻤـﺮ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻠﻴﺎري ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺧـﻼل ذروة ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﺗ ﻄـﻮر ا ﺎدة ﰲ ا ﺠﺮات ا ﺒﻜﺮة وﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬ ه اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ ﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ رؤﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ أﺻﻐﺮ ﺑﻌ ﴩ ـ ﺑ ﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣ ﻣﺮات ﻤﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ رﻏﻢ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ 12 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ . ﺎً وأﺿﺎف ": ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘ ﺞ ا ـﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﰲ اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺮﺋﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺰز ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن ا ﺒﻜﺮ . ﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف أول ﺻـﻠﻴﺐ أﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ اﻷﻃﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴﺔ دون ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰﻳـﺔ واﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ وﻫﻮ إﻧﺠـﺎز ﻣﻬـﻢ ﻨﺸـﺂت ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أ ﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻜﺸـﻒ اﻟﻐـﺎز اﻟﺒـﺎرد واﻟﻐﺒﺎر ا ﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ وﻻدة اﻟ ﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ ا ﺠﺮات ا ﺒﻜﺮ ة وﻳﻌﺰز دراﺳـﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻄـﻮر ا ـﺎدة . haf fariq dawliun min eulama' alfalaki, biman fihim bahithun min mirsad 'alama ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 5