Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2025

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2025 ASTRO PUBLISHING cules in an environment expected to be oxygen-rich, while ALMA data revealed large crystalline dust grains in the central torus. These findings challenge existing models of how molecules and dust form and survive in such extreme conditions. By combining their complementary strengths, the two instruments are reshaping our understanding of how dying stars enrich the interstellar medium with gas, dust, and heavy elements. These observations demonstrate the power of international collaboration between ground- and space-based facilities, advancing our knowledge of stellar evolution and the cosmic cycle of matter. ! Butterfly Nebula NGC 6302. [Hubble, Webb, ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)]