Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2026 ARABIC VERSION

41 heOrionNebulaisperhapsthe bestknownnebula,yetnewdis-coveries continue to emerge from observations across all wavelengths of theelectromagneticspectrum.Longknown to be a region of active star for-mation, astronomers using the U.S. Na- tionalScienceFoundationVeryLarge Array (NSF VLA) have resolved the emis-sion from neutral atomic hydrogen that elucidates how the young stars in Orion areshapingtheirsurroundingneigh- borhood. A team of astronomers led by Juan D. Soler of the University of Vienna used the NSF VLA, operated by the U.S. Na- tional Science Foundation’s National Radio Astronomy Observatories (NSF NRAO),toobtainhigh-resolutionobser- vations of the emission of neutral hy- drogen(HI)atoms,whichisdetectedby a faint radio emission at a wavelength of 21 centimeters. Mapping that emis- sion at high angular resolution is chal- lenging, but the NSF VLA’s interfero- metric design makes it possible to re- solvethestructureofnearbystar-form-ing regions.The NSF VLA, therefore, proved to be the best possible instru- mentforthetask,Solerexplains. “The NSFVLAisaveryuniqueinstrument.It isfundamental,offeringthebestreso- lution that we can get in HI from the northern hemisphere. We cannot do this with any other instrument.” When Soler and his team looked deep within the Orion Nebula, they focused on a previously identified expanding bubble formed by young stars. These past observations used tracers such as CII as a proxy for the hydrogen and of- fered an estimate of the mass associ- ated with star formation. Because Soler’s team was able to ob- servetheHIdirectly,theirdataprovided a more direct estimate of the bubble’s mass,improving measurements by a fac- tor of ten. “Measuring mass is funda- mental,− Solersays −becauseittellsus how efficiently these newly formedstars shape their environment withwind and radiation.” Furthermore, the data obtained by Soler’s team also map the neutralatomic hydrogen in the vast molecular clouds within the Orion Nebula. Soler describes this interrelationship: “Talk-ing about molecular clouds without talkingaboutHI,isliketalkingaboutis- lands without ever mentioning the sea. It turns out that as we’re resolving the sea, we’re finding phenomena like this bubble that are shaping and connecting those molecular clouds. We imagine them as separate objects, not as if they were islands, completely isolated; in fairness, they’re more like archipela- gos.” These results, published in Astronomy & Astrophysics ,arethefirstwithinalarger projectcalledNeutralAtomicHydrogen intheSolarNeighborhood(NeAtHood), whichaimstocontinueobservingother nearby molecular clouds within star- formingregionsvisiblefromthenorth-ern hemisphere to produce arcminute- resolution HI maps. Soler looks to the possibility of future observations both within this program and beyond, say- ing, “[The bubble] is the kind of thing thatshouldbethere,butwewerenot expectingtoseethissoclearly.Sonow Iwonder,whatothersurprisesarehid-ing in the data? And in the future, the Next-Generation VLA (ngVLA) is going totargetevenmoredistantregionsin theMilkyWay .”   41 ﻌـﺪ أ) ﺳﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺠﺒﺎر رﺑﻤﺎ ( ورﻳﻮن أﺷـﻬﺮ اﻟﺴـﺪم ا ﻌﺮوﻓﺔ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺰال اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة ﺗﺘﻮاﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أرﺻﺎده ﻋﱪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻃﻮال اﻟﻄﻴﻒ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﴘ . وﻣﻨﺬ زﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻳ ﻌﺮف ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺴﺪ ﻳﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم إﻻ أن ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮا ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻛﺎرل ﺟﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺴﻜﻲ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﺟﺪ اً اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم ﺗﻤﻜﻨـﻮا ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴـﺰ اﻻﻧﺒﻌـﺎث اﻟﺼﺎ در ﻋﻦ اﻟﻬﻴـﺪروﺟ اﻟـﺬري ا ﺘﻌـﺎدل ﻣﻤـﺎ أوﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗُﺸﻜﱢ ﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ . ﺑﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة ﺧﻮان دي ﺳﻮﻟ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻛﺎرل ﺟـﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻜﴘ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﺟﺪاً اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ا ﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮي اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟ ﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم ﻟﻠﺤﺼـﻮل ﻋـﲆ أرﺻـﺎد ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻻ ﻧﺒﻌﺎث ذرات اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ ا ﺘﻌﺎدل واﻟـﺬي ﻳ ﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻧﺒﻌﺎث رادﻳﻮي ﺧﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ 21 اً ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﱰ وﻳﻤﺜﻞ رﺳـﻢ ﺧﺮﻳﻄـﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﺑﺪﻗﺔ زاوﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺎً اً ﻛﺒ إﻻ أن اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﲇ ﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻛﺎرل ﺟﻲ ﺟـﺎﻧﻜﴘ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﺟـﺪاً ﻳﺠﻌـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ا ﻤﻜـﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴـﺰ اﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ . ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﺳـﻮﻟ أن ﻣﺼـﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻛـﺎرل ﺟـﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺴﻜﻲ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﺟﺪ ﺖﻛﺎﻧ اً أﻓﻀـﻞ أداة ﻣﻤﻜﻨـﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه ا ﻬﻤﺔ وﺗﻌﺪ أداة ﻓﺮﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ أﻓﻀﻞ دﻗﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ اﻟﺤﺼـﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ ا ﺘﻌـﺎدل ﻣـﻦ ﻧﺼـﻒ اﻟﻜـﺮة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ . وﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ إﻧﺠـﺎز ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أي أداة أﺧﺮى «. وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺳـﻮﻟ وﻓﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺠﺒـﺎر رﻛـﺰوا ﻋـﲆ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺪدة ﺳﺒﻖ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ وﻛﺎﻧـﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳـﺎت اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻗـﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﺆﴍات ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ا ﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻼً ﻋﻦ اﻟﻬ ﻴـﺪروﺟ وﻗـﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻘـﺪﻳﺮ اً ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ا ﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وﻷن ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻮﻟ ﺗ ﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ رﺻﺪ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ ا ﺘﻌﺎد ل ﻓ ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﻘﺪ وﻓﺮت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اً أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺣﺴﱠ ﻦ دﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺑ ـ ﻌﴩة أﺿﻌﺎف . ﻗﺎل ﺳﻮﻟ :» ﻳﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ أﻣﺮ اً أﺳﺎﺳﻴ ﺎَ ﻷﻧـﻪ ﻳﺨﱪﻧﺎ ﺑﻤﺪى ﻛ ﻔﺎءة ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜ ﺎً ﰲ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬ ـﺎ ا ﺤﻴﻄ ـﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ اﻟﺮﻳ ـﺎح واﻹﺷﻌﺎع . « ﻋﻼوة ﻋﲆ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒ ﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻮﻟ أﻳﻀ ﺎً ﺧﺮﻳﻄـﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴـﺪروﺟ اﻟـﺬري ا ﺘﻌﺎدل داﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ ا ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﻮاﺳﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺠﺒﺎر وﻳﺼﻒ ﺳﻮﻟ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﻟـﻪ إن »: اﻟﺤﺪﻳ ﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ دون اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ ا ﺘﻌﺎدل ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺤـﺪﻳﺚ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﺠـ ر ﺰ دون اﻹﺷﺎرة إﱃ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ و ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎً اﺗﻀﺢ أﻧـﻪ ﻛﻠ ﻤـﺎ اﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻪ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﻨﺎ ﻇﻮاﻫﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺸـﻜ ﻞ ﺗﻠـﻚ اﻟﺴـﺤﺐ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ وﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﺤ ﻦ ﻧﺘﺨﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋـﲆ أﻧﻬـﺎ أﺟﺴﺎم ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟـﺰر اً ﻣﻌﺰوﻟـﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣــﺎً وإﻧﺼــﺎﻓًﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻴﻘــﺔ ﻓﻬــﻲ أﻗــﺮب إﱃ أرﺧﺒﻴﻼت وﺗ« . ﻌﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨ ﺘﺎﺋﺞ ا ﻨﺸﻮرة ﰲ ﻣﺠﻠـﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﴩوع أﻛﱪ ﻳ ﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ اﻟﺬري ا ﺘﻌﺎدل ﰲ اﻟ ﺠﻮار اﻟﺸﻤﴘ أﻲ ﻧ) ( ت ﻫﻮد واﻟﺬي ﻳﻬﺪف إﱃ ﻣﻮاﺻـﻠﺔ رﺻﺪ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ أﺧﺮى داﺧـﻞ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺮﺋ ﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻜـﺮة اﻷرﺿـﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ ﻹﻧﺘﺎ ج ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪروﺟ ا ﺘﻌﺎدل ﺑﺪﻗﺔ زاوﻳﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﻮﺳﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة . ﻳﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺳﻮﻟ إﱃ إﻣﻜﺎﻧـﺎت اﻷرﺻـﺎد ا ﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ أو ﺧﺎرﺟﻪ إن »: ﻗـﺎﺋﻼً ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺬي ﻳﻔـﱰ ض أن ﻳﻜـﻮن ﻣﻮﺟﻮداً ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻧﺘﻮﻗ ﻊ أن ﻧﺮاه ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺿﻮح وﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ اﻷرﺻﺎد ا ﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮاﻛﻴﺐ وﻇﻮاﻫﺮ أﺧ ﺮى ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﻓﻬـﻢٍ أﻋﻤـﻖ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ وﺗـﺄﺛ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺗﻬﺎ ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ أﺗﺴـﺎءل اﻵن : ﻣـﺎ ا ﻔﺎﺟﺂت اﻷﺧﺮى ا ﺨﺘﺒﺌﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺒﻴ ﺎﻧﺎت؟ وﰲ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺳ ﺘ ﺘﻤﻜﻦ ا ﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﺟﺪ اً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ اﺳـﺘﻬﺪاف ﻣ ﻨـﺎﻃﻖ أﺑﻌـﺪ داﺧـﻞ ﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ «. اﻧ ﻌﺎﺛــــــــــــﺎت ــــــــــــﺪروﺟ ــــــــــــﺔ ﻣــــــــــــﻦ ذرات اﻟﻬ رادﻳﻮ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺳﺪ ﻢ اﻟ ـ ﺠ ﺎر وﻫﻲ أﻗﺮ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃ ﻖ ــﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠــﺔ ــﻮّن اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم ﻋﺎﻟ ﺗ ﺗ. ﻈﻬــﺮاﻷﻟــﻮان اﻟــ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻧ ﻌﺎﺛــــﺎت ا ﻋﻨــــﺪ ﻃــــﻮل ﻣــــﻮﺟﻲ ــــﺪروﺟ ﻟﻬ 21 ﺳــــﻢ ﺗــــﻢ رﺻــــﺪﻫﺎ ﻷول ﻣــــﺮة ﺑﻬــــﺬا اﻟﻤﺴــــﺘﻮىﻣــــﻦ واﻟــــ ـــــــﺪروﺟ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻــــــﻴﻞ ﻣــــــﻦ ﺧـــــــﻼل رﺻــــــﺪ ﻣﺸــــــﺮوع اﻟﻬ اﻟـــــــﺬري اﻟﻤﺘﻌـــــــﺎدل ﻓـــــــﻲ اﻟـــــــ ـ ﺠﻮار اﻟﺸﻤﺴـــــــﻲ ـــــــﺖ ) ﻧ ( ﻫـــــﻮد ـــــﺎدة ﺧـــــﻮان دﻳ ﻐـــــﻮ ﺳـــــﻮﻟ ﻣـــــﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌــــــﺔ ﻘ . ﻓﻴ ﻨــــــــﺎ ــــــــﺎر اﻟﻨ ﻤــــــــﻲ ﺗُﻈﻬــــــــﺮاﻷﻟــــــــﻮان اﻧ ﻌﺎﺛــــــــﺎت اﻟﻐ اﻟﺪاﻓﺊﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ﺔ . [Juan D. Soler, University of Vienna, with data from the NSF NRAO NSF VLA and NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)]