Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2025 ARABIC VERSION

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER2025 6 “We’re entering a golden age of American science,” said Harriet Kung, acting director of DOE’sOffice of Science. “Rubin reflects what’s possible when the federal government backs world-class engi- neers and scientists with the toolsto lead. This facility will drive dis- covery, inspire future innovatorsand unleash American excellence through scientific leadership.” The result of more than two dec- ades of work, Rubin Observatory is perched at the summit of Cerro Pachón in Chile, where dry air and dark skies provide one of the world’s best observing locations. Rubin’s innovative 8.4-meter tele- scopehasthelargestdigitalcamera ever built, which feeds a powerful data processing system. Later in 2025, Rubin will begin its primarymission,theLegacySurvey of Space and Time, in which it will ceaselessly scan the sky nightly for 10yearstopreciselycaptureevery visible change. The result will be anultrawide,ultra-high-definition time-lapse record of the Universe. It will bring the sky to life with a treasure trove of billions of scien- tific discoveries. The images will re- veal asteroids and comets, pul- sating stars, supernova explosions, far-off galaxies and perhaps cosmic phenomena that no one has seen before. RubinObservatoryisnamedinhon- or of trailblazing U.S. astronomer Vera C. Rubin, who found conclu- sive evidence of vast quantities of invisible material known as dark matter. Understanding the nature of dark matter, dark energy and otherlarge-scalecosmicmysteriesis a central focus of Rubin Observa- tory’s mission. Dark energy is what scientists call the mysterious and colossally powerful force that ap- pears to be causing galaxies in the Universe to move away from each other at an accelerating rate. Al- though dark matter and dark en- ergy collectively comprise 95% of the Universe, their properties re- main unknown. Rubin Observatory willalsobethemost efficient and effec- tiveSolarSystemdis- coverymachineever built.Rubinwilltake about a thousand imagesoftheSouth- ern Hemisphere sky every night, allow- ing it to cover the entire visible South- ern sky every three to four nights. In doing so, it will find millions of unseen asteroids, comets and interstellar ob- jects.Rubinwillbea game changer for planetary defensebyspottingfa rmore asteroids than ever before, potentially identifying some that might impact the Earth or Moon. The amount of data gathered by Rubin Observatory in its first year alonewillbegreaterthanthatcol- lectedbyallotheropticalobserva- tories combined. This treasure trove of data will help scientists make countlessdiscoveriesabouttheUni- verseandwillserveasanincompa- rable resource for scientific explo- ration for decades to come. RubinObservatoryisajointpro- gramofNSFNOIRLabandDOE’sSLAC National Accelerator Labora- tory, who will cooperatively oper-ate Rubin. NOIRLab is managed bythe Association of Universities forResearchinAstronomy(AURA). “TheunveilingofRubinObserva- tory’s first images marks the begin- ning of a new era in astrophysics,” says Patrick McCarthy, Director ofNSFNOIRLab. “WecongratulatetheR ubinObservatoryteamforthisgreatac hievementandlook forwardtothebeginningofthe 6 ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎرﻳﻴﺖ ﻛﻮﻧ ﻎ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﻤـﺎل ﻣـﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺑﻮزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ " : إﻧﻨﺎ ﻧـﺪﺧﻞ ﻋـ ـ ﺎً ﺒﻴ ـ ﴫًا ذﻫ ﻟﻠﻌﻠ ـﻮم اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴــﺔ وأﺿﺎﻓﺖ " : ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑ ﻣـﺎ ﻳ ﻤﻜـﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗـﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣـﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻴـﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳ وﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮاز اﻟﻌﺎ ﻲ ﺑﺄدوات اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة . ﺳﻴﺪﻓﻊ ﻫﺬا ا ﺮ ﺻﺪ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف وﻳﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﺒﺘﻜـﺮي ا ﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ وﻳ ﻄﻠـﻖ اﻟﻌﻨـﺎن ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ا ﻟﻘﻴﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ." ﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑ وﻫﻮ ﺛﻤﺮة أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋ ﲆ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺳـ و ﺑﺎﺗﺸـﻮن ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳ ﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻬـﻮاء اﻟﺠـﺎف واﻟﺴـﻤﺎء ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ أﺣﺪ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺮﺻـﺪ ﰲ اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻢ . ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ روﺑـ اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺒﻠـﻎ ﻗﻄـﺮه 8.4 اً ﻣﱰ ﻋﲆ أﻛﱪ ﻛﺎﻣ ا رﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻮرة ﺗـﻢ ﺑﻨﺎؤﻫـﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻹﻃـﻼق واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻐـﺬي ﻧﻈـﺎم ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت . ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم 2025 ﺳـﻴﺒﺪأ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ روﺑ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ ا ﺴﺢ اﻟﺸـﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎء واﻟﺰﻣﺎن ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻴﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﻟـﻴﻼً ﺑﻼ اﻧﻘﻄﺎع ﺪة 10 ﺳﻨﻮات ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﻛﻞ ﺗﻐﻴ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﺑﺪﻗ . ﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻼً ﻓـﺎﺋﻖ اﻻﺗﺴـﺎع وﻓ ـﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺪﻗــﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴ ـﺔ اﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﺻـﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨ ـﻲ ﻟﻠﻜـﻮن . ﺳﻴُﻀـﻔﻲ ﻫ ـﺬا اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻋﲆ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﺑﻜﻨﺰٍ دﻓٍ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻋﲆ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﺑﻜﻨﺰٍ دﻓٍ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ . ﺳﺘﻜ ﺸﻒ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒـﺎت وا ـﺬﻧﺒﺎت واﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻀـﺔ واﻧﻔﺠـﺎرات ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ وا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة ورﺑﻤـﺎ ﻇـ ﻮاﻫﺮ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮﻫﺎ أﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ . ﺳُﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑـ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻤـ ﺎً ﻟﻌﺎ ـﺔ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ا ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﺪة ﻓ ا ﳼ روﺑ . اﻟﺘﻲ وﺟﺪت أدﻟﺔً ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻋﲆ وﺟﻮد ﻛﻤﻴـﺎت ﻫﺎﺋﻠـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ا ـﺎدة ﻏـ ا ﺮﺋﻴـﺔ ا ﻌﺮوﻓــﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ ا ـﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ . ﻳُﻌـﺪ ﻓﻬـﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ا ـﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ وﻏ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷ ﻟ ﻐﺎز اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﻣﺤﻮر اً أﺳﺎﺳﻴ ﺎً ﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ . روﺑ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀـﺔ واﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﺒـﺪو أﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﺘﺴـﺒﺐ ﰲ اﺑﺘﻌـﺎد ا ﺠـﺮات ﰲ اﻟﻜـﻮن ﻋـﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﻣﺘﺴﺎرع . ﻋﲆ اﻟـﺮﻏﻢ ﻣــﻦ أن ا ـﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ واﻟﻄﺎﻗ ـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤــﺔ ﺗُﺸــﻜﻼن ﻣﻌًــﺎ 95% ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻜــﻮن إﻻ أن ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ . ﺳﻴُﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑـ أﻳﻀًـﺎ أﻛﺜـﺮ اﺟﻬـﺰة اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ﻛﻔﺎءةً وﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔً ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق . ﺳﻴﻠﺘﻘﻂ روﺑ ﺣﻮاﱄ أﻟـﻒ ﺻـﻮرة ﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻛـﻞ ﻟﻴﻠـﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴـﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ا ﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺛـﻼث إﱃ أرﺑـﻊ ﻟﻴـﺎلٍ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻣﻼﻳ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒــﺎت وا ــﺬﻧﺒﺎت واﻷﺟـﺮام ﺑـ اﻟ ﻨ ﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻏـ ا ﺮﺋﻴـﺔ . ﺤﺪث ﺳـﻴ روﺑـ ﻧﻘﻠ ـﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴ ـﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟـﺪﻓﺎع اﻟﻜـﻮﻛﺒﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل رﺻـﺪه ﻋـﺪد اً أﻛـــﱪ ﺑ ﻜﺜـــ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒﺎت ﻣﻦ أي وﻗـﺖ ﻣﴣ ورﺑﻤﺎ ﻳُﺤﺪد ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒــﺎت اﻟﺘــﻲ ﻗــﺪ ﺗﺼــﻄﺪم ﺑ ــﺎﻷرض أو اﻟﻘﻤـﺮ . ﺳـﺘﻜﻮن ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﺠﻤﻌﻬـﺎ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑـ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣـﻪ اﻷول وﺣﺪه أﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘ ـ ﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻬ ـﺎ ﺟﻤﻴ ـﻊ ا ﺮاﺻﺪ اﻟﺒﴫﻳﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى . ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻜﻨــﺰ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧــﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤــﺎء ﻋــﲆ ﺗﺤﻘﻴــﻖ اﻛﺘﺸــﺎﻓﺎت ﻻ ﺗُﺤﴡــ ا ﻠ ﺎء ﻋﲆ ﺗﺤﻘﻴـﻖ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﺎت ﻻ ﺗُـ ﺤﴡ ـ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻜـﻮن وﺳﻴﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣـﻮرد ﻰ ﻀـﺎﻫ ﻻ ﻳ اً ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﻗﺎدﻣﺔ . ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺸﱰك ﺑ ا ﺨﺘﱪ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﴫي وﺗﺤﺖ اﻻﺣﻤﺮ ﻧـﻮرﻻب اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴــﺔ اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ وا ﺨﺘﱪ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺠﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ اﻟ(ﺳﻼك ) ﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺘﻌﺎوﻧﺎن ﰲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ روﺑ . ﻳ ﺪار ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻧﻮرﻻب ﺒﻞ ر ﻣﻦ ﻗ اﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻷﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ . ﻳﻘﻮل ﺑﺎﺗﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻜﺎرﺛﻲ، ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻧـﻮرﻻب : " إن اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ أوﱃ ﺻﻮر ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﰲ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ . ﻧُﻬﻨﺊ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬا اﻹﻧﺠﺎز اﻟﻌﻈـﻴﻢ وﻧﺘﻄﻠﻊ إﱃ ﺑﺪاﻳـﺔ ا ﺴـﺢ اﻟﺸـﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠ ﻔﻀـﺎء اﻟﺬي واﻟﺰﻣﺎن ﻴﺳ ﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻮص ﰲ أﻋﻤﺎق اﻟﻜﻮن ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻟـﻢ ﻳﺴـﺒﻖ ﻟـﻪ ﻣﺜﻴـﻞ ﺎً ﻛﺎﺷﻔ أﴎار ا ﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ وﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺴﺎرات آﻻف ا ﺠﺮات ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﺬا ا ﺮﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﺤﺪث ﺛﻮرة ﰲ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ ." ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ - ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 5 ﺗ ﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﺎﻟ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻤﺆ ﺘﻌﺮﺾ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ داﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑ ـﺔ ووزارة ﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻜ ﺔ ﻟ ﻼً ﺧﻼل ﻤﻠﺔ " اﻟﻨﻈﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ " ﻟﻠﺮﺻﺪ . [RubinObs/NOIRLab/SLAC/NSF /DOE/AURA/P. Horálek (Institute of Physics i Opa a)]