Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2025 ARABIC VERSION

45 resolvingtheinternalstructuresof these galaxies and learning about the processes happening within them.” TheCRISTALsurveyfocused onasampleofstar-forminggalaxies thatshowedthetypicalrelationship betweenagalaxy’smassanditsstar formationrate.ALMA’sobservations of these galaxies revealed: 1) DiverseShapesandMotions:Some galaxiesshowedsignsoforderlyro- tation,suggestingtheformationof earlydisks.Othersdisplayedchaotic motions and disturbed shapes, in- dicative of galaxies colliding and merging. 2) Extended Gas Clouds: ALMA de- tectedcloudsofgas,revealedby their emission of a specific type of lightfromionizedcarbon,extending far beyond the regions where stars formed.Thissuggestedthatgalaxies are surrounded by vast gas reser- voirs,potentiallyfuelingfuturestar formationorbeingexpelledbypow- erfuloutflows. 3) Clumpy Star Formation: Many galaxies exhibited star formation oc- curring in distinct clumps, providing insights into how stars are born in these early systems. One particularly intriguing finding is the discovery of a galaxy, named CRISTAL-10, exhibiting an extreme deficit of ionized carbon emission relative to its far-infrared light, a ratio similar to that seen in Arp 220, one of the most luminous and ob- scuredgalaxiesinthelocalUniverse. Furtherstudyofthisgalaxycouldre- vealtheinterstellarmedium’spower sourceandphysicalstateintheearly Universe. “CRISTAL provides the kind of de- taileddatathatsimplywasn’tpossi- ble before ALMA,” adds Herrera Camus, “We’ve got a new family portrait of early galaxy evolution. These observations are challenging ourexistingmodelsofgalaxyforma- tion and providing new avenues for research.” The CRISTAL survey demonstrates the power of ALMA for studying galaxy evolution in the early Uni- verse. By tracing the cold gas and dustthatfuelstarformation,ALMA is helping scientists piece together the story of how galaxies like our ownMilkyWaycametobe.     رﺳــــﻢ ﺗﺨ ﻠـــــﻲ ـــــﻮن ــــﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺠـــــﺮة ﻣــــﻦ اﻟ ﻋــــﻦ ﺗ اﻟﻤ ﻜــــــــﺮ ﺗﺘﻤــــــــ ﺘﻜــــــــﺘﻼت ﻣــــــــﻦ ﻣﺠــــــــﺮات ﺗﺸــــــــ ﻞ ـــــــــﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻷ ﻤـــــــــﺮ اﻟﻨﺠــــــــﻮم ﻣـــــــــﻊ ﻏـــــــــﺎز اﻟﻜﺮـــــــــﻮن ـــــﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺳـــــﻮد ـــــﺎر اﻟـــــﺪاﻛﻦ واﻟﻐ . ﻟﻘـــــﺪ ﻘـــــﺖ وﺛِ ــﺔ ﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼــﻴﻞ ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﻓــﻲ ﻤﻴــﻊ اﻟﻤﺠــﺮات ر اﻟﻌﺪ ﺪة اﻟ ﺻﺪت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺢ أﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺮﺴﺘﺎل . [NSF/AUI/NSF NRAO/B. Saxton] ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 45 ا ﺠﺮات وﻧﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺤـﺪث داﺧﻠﻬﺎ ." رﻛﺰ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎل ﻋﲆ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺠﺮات ا ﺘﺸـﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠـﻮم واﻟﺘـﻲ أﻇﻬـ ﺮت اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﻴﺔ ﺑ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ا ﺠـﺮة وﻣﻌـﺪل ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ . ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣ ﺮﺻﺪ أ ﺎ ﻟﻬـﺬه ا ﺠـﺮات ﻋـﻦ :1 ( أﺷـﻜﺎل وﺣﺮﻛـﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋـﺔ أ: ﻇﻬــﺮ ﺑﻌـﺾ ا ﺠــﺮات ﻋﻼﻣـﺎت دوراﻧ ﺪوران ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ، ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺸـ إﱃ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ أﻗﺮاص ﻣﺒﻜﺮة . ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ أﻇﻬﺮت أﺧﺮى ﺣﺮﻛـﺎت ﻓﻮﺿﻮﻳﺔ وأﺷﻜﺎﻻً ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳـﺪل ﻋـﲆ دوران ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸ إﱃ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ أﻗـﺮاص ﺮةـ ﻣﺒﻜــ ﺑﻴﻨﻤــﺎ أﻇﻬ ـﺮت أﺧــ ﺮى ﺣﺮﻛــﺎت ﻓﻮﺿﻮﻳﺔ وأﺷﻜﺎﻻً ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳـﺪل ﻋـﲆ ﺗﺼﺎدم ا ﺠﺮات واﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﻬﺎ .2 ( ﺤﺐ ﻏﺎزﻳﺔ ﺳ : ﻣﻤﺘﺪة اﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ أ ـﺎ ﺳـ ﺎً ﺤﺒ ﻏﺎزﻳـﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤـﺪد ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ا ﺆﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺘـﺪ إﱃ ﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻮ أﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﺖ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . ﻳُﺸ ﻫـﺬا إﱃ أن ا ﺠـﺮات ﻣُﺤﺎﻃـﺔ أﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﺖ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . ﻳُﺸ ﻫـﺬا إﱃ أن ا ﺠـﺮات ﻣُﺤﺎﻃـﺔ ﺑﺨﺰاﻧﺎت ﻏﺎزﻳﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳُﻐﺬي ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ أو ﻳُﻄﺮد ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت ﻗﻮﻳﺔ . 3 ( ﺗﻜﻮّن اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ، أﻇﻬﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺠــﺮات ﺗﻜﻮﻧــ ﺎً ﻧﺠﻤﻴــ ﺎً ﻳﺤــﺪث ﰲ ﻛﺘــﻞ ) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻤ ( ﻴﺰة ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳـﻮﻓﺮ رؤى ﺣـﻮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ وﻻدة اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ا . ﺒﻜﺮة ﻟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت ا ﺜ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻣﺠﺮة ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ CRISTAL-10 ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﻘﺼ ﺎً ﺪاً ﺷﺪﻳ ﰲ اﻧﺒﻌﺎث اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ا ﺆﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻀﻮﺋﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪ وﻫـﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣ ﺸـﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﻠـﻚ ا ُﻼﺣﻈـﺔ ﰲ Arp 220 إﺣ ﺪى أﻛﺜـﺮ ا ﺠـﺮات ﺳـﻄﻮﻋ ﺎً وﻏﻤﻮﺿـ ﰲ ﺎً اﻟﻜﻮن ا ﺤﲇ . إن ﻫ ﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ا ﺬﻫﻞ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ آﻓﺎﻗﺎً ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة ﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮن اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم وﺗﻄﻮرﻫـﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر ا ﺒﻜﺮة ﻟﻠﻜﻮن وﻳﺪﻓﻌﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺎؤل ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن وراء ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻏ ا ﻌﺘﺎد ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه ا ﺠـﺮة أن ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋ ﻦ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ وﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺎت اﻟﻜﻮن . ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﻫ ﻳﺮا ﻛﺎﻣﻮ " : ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎل ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣُﻔﺼّﻠﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔً ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ أ ﺎ ﻟﻘـﺪ و ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺻـﻮرة ﺷـﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة ﻟﺘﻄـﻮر ا ﺠﺮات ﰲ ﺑـﺪاﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ . ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ﻫـﺬه اﻷ رﺻـﺎد ﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﻟﻨﻤﺎذﺟﻨـﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ا ﺠـﺮات وﺗﺘﻴﺢ آﻓﺎﻗ ﺎً ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ". ﻳ ﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻛﺮﻳﺴـﺘﺎل ﻗـﻮة ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ أ ـﺎ ﰲ درا ﺳﺔ ﺗﻄﻮر ا ﺠﺮات ﰲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺎت اﻟﻜﻮن ﻓﻤـﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻐـﺎز واﻟﻐﺒـﺎر اﻟﺒـﺎرد ﻳﻦ اﻟﻠـﺬﻳﻦ ﻳُﻐﺬّﻳﺎن ﺗﻜـﻮّن اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﻳ ﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ أ ـﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜّﻞ ﻣﺠﺮاتٍ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ . ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ - ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 5