Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2025 ARABIC VERSION

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER2025      ALMA reveals stunning details of early galaxies byNRAO stronomers are getting a muchclearerpictureofwhat galaxieslookedlikeinthe early Universe, thanks to a large, comprehensive, and detailed study using the Atacama Large Millime- ter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), of which the U.S. National Science FoundationNationalRadioAstron- omy Observatory (NSF NRAO) is a partner. The [CII] Resolved ISM in STar-forming galaxies with ALMA (CRISTAL survey) peered back to when the Universe was only about onebillionyearsold–ameretoddler incosmicterms.Theseobservations are helping scientists understand howgalaxiesformedandevolved from primordial gas clouds into the organized structures we see today. “ALMA’sincredibleabilitytosee through dust and gas has allowed us to observe these distant galaxies in remarkabledetail,” explainsRodrigo Ignacio Herrera Camus, with Chile’s Universidad de Concepción. “We’re notjustseeingblobsoflight;we’re ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 44 أﻟﻤﺎ " " ﻜﺸﻒﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﺮات ﺪاﺋ ﺔ : ﻘﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮي اﻟﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻮﻃ ﻳﺤﺼـﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻋﲆ ﺻﻮرة أوﺿﺢ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ا ﺠﺮات ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ا ﺒﻜﺮ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻔﻀـﻞ دراﺳﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ وﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣـﺎ اﻟﻜﺒـ ة ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰﻳـﺔ دون / ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰﻳﺔ أ ﺎ) ( واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳ ﻌـﺪ ا ﺮﺻـﺪ اﻟـﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟ ﻠﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮي اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴـ ﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﴍﻳﻜ ﺎً أ. ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﺴـﺢ ]CII [ ا ُﺤﻠﻞ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻂ ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ ا ﺠـﺮ ات ا ُﺸﻜّﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻮم ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ALMA ) ﻣﺴـﺢ ﻠﻞ ﻟﻠﻮ ﺤا ﺳﻂ ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ ا ﺠﺮات ا ُﺸﻜ ﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠ ـﻮم ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮﺻــﺪ أ ــﺎ ﻣﺴــﺢ ) ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎل ( اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﲆ اﻟﻔﱰة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤـﺮ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﻮاﱄ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻋﺎم ﻓﻘﻂ وﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﺮ اً ﺻﻐ ﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎ ﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ . ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻷ رﺻﺎد اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ﻋـﲆ ﻓﻬـﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ا ﺠﺮات وﺗﻄﻮرﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻏﺎزﻳﺔ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ا ُﻨﻈّﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮاﻫﺎ اﻟﻴﻮم .» إن ﻗـﺪرة ﻣﺮﺻﺪ أ ﺎ ا ﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺮؤﻳـﺔ ﻋـﱪ اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ا ُﻨﻈّﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮاﻫـﺎ اﻟﻴـﻮم ﻳ. ﻮﺿـﺢ رودرﻳﻐﻮ إﻏﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮ ﻫ ﻳﺮا ﻛﺎﻣﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﺴﻴﺒﺴـﻴﻮن ﰲ ﺗﺸـﻴﲇ : " ﻗـﺎﺋﻼً إن ﻗـﺪر ة ﻣﺮﺻﺪ أ ﺎ ا ﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺮؤﻳـﺔ ﻋـﱪ اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر واﻟﻐﺎز أﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ رﺻﺪ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ . ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻻ ﻧﺮى ﻣﺠـﺮد ﺑﻘـﻊ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻧﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ اﻟ ﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه ا ﺠﺮات وﻧﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺤـﺪث داﺧﻠﻬﺎ ." ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ - ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 5