Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2025 ARABIC VERSION

rtist’sconceptoftheforma- 39 Transients(ENTs).[W.M.Keck Observatory/AdamMakarenko] theseENTsaretrulyunprecedented. The most energetic ENT studied, named Gaia18cdj, emitted an aston- ishing25timesmoreen- ergy than the most ener- getic supernovae known. While typical supernovae emitasmuchenergyasthe Sun does in its 10 billion- yearlifetime,ENTsradiate the energy of 100 Suns. ENTs were first uncovered when Hinkle began a sys- tematic search of public surveysforlong-livedflares emanating from the cen- tersofgalaxies.Heidenti- fied two unusual flares in data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia mis- sionthatweredetectedin 2016 and 2018. “Gaia doesn’t tell you the physics of the event, just thatsomethingchangedinbri ghtness,” saidHinkle. multi-year follow-up campaign to figureoutwhatthesesourceswere. Meanwhile,athirdeventwithsimi- lar properties was discovered in 2020bytheZwickyTransientFacility (ZTF)andreportedindependentlyby twoteamsin2023.Usingdatafrom theKeckObservatoryArchive(KOA) for this new ZTF object showed it was similar to the two Gaia ENTs, addingstrongsupportthatENTsare adistinctnewclassofextremeastro- physical events. Drawing on observations from a wide array of ground- and space- based telescopes, the team deter- mined these extraordinary events could not be supernovae because they release far more energy than any known stellar explosion. The sheer energy budget, combined with their smooth and prolonged light curves, firmly pointed to an al- ternativemechanism:accretiononto a supermassive black hole. However, ENTs differ significantly from normal black hole accretion, whenmaterialssurroundingthe black hole heat up and emit light andtypicallyshowirregularandun- predictable changes in brightness. Thesmoothandlong-livedflaresof ENTs indicate a distinct physical process—the gradual accretion of a disrupted star by a supermassive black hole. Benjamin Shappee, Associate Pro- fessor at IfA and study co-author, emphasized the implications: “ENTs provide a valuable new tool for studying massive black holes in dis- tant galaxies. Because they’re so bright, we can see them across vast cosmic distances—and in astron- omy, looking far away means look- ing back in time. By observing these prolonged flares, we gain insights into black hole growth during a key eraknownascosmicnoon,when the universe was half its currentage when galaxies were happening places—forming stars and feeding their supermassive black holes 10 times more vigorously than they do today.” TherarityofENTs,occurringatleast 10 million times less fre- quentlythansupernovae, makes their detection challenging and depend- entonsustainedmonitor- ing of the cosmos. Observatorieslikethe VeraC.RubinObservatory and NASA’s Nancy Grace RomanSpaceTelescope promise to uncover many moreofthesespectacu- larevents,revolutioniz- ing our understanding of black hole activity in the distant, early universe. “TheseENTsdon’tjust markthedramaticend ofamassivestar’slife,” stated Hinkle. “They illu- minate the processes re- sponsible for growing the largestblackholesinthe Thediscoverylauncheda universe.”   39 إن إﺟﻤﺎﱄ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗ ﺠﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻫـﺬه اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ﻏ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ ﻓﻘـﺪ أﺻـﺪر أﻛﺜـﺮ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤ ـﻰ ﻧﺸـﺎﻃ ﺎً اﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﺗﻤ ـﺖ ـــــــ رﺳـــــــﻢ ﺗﺨ ﻠـــــــﻲ ﻳﻮﺿـــــــﺢ ﻓﻜـــــــﺮة اﻟﻈـــــــﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﻨﻮو ﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ . [W. M. Keck Observatory/Adam Makarenko] دراﺳﺘﻬﺎ وا ﺴـﻤﻰ Gaia18cdj ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﻮق 25 ﺎً ﺿـﻌﻔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮا ت اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸــﺎﻃًﺎ ا ﻌﺮوﻓــﺔ ﰲ ﺣــ أن ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳـﺔ ﺗ ﺎﻗـﺔً ﺗ ﺼـﺪر ﻃ ﻀـﺎﻫﻲ ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻫﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﻠﻎ 10 ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﺳﻨﺔ ﺗﺸﻊ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ ﺗﻌـﺎدل ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ 100 . ﺷﻤﺲ اﻛﺘ ﺸﻔﺖ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺪأ ﻫﻴﻨﻜﻞ ﺑﺤﺜًﺎ ﺎً ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴ ﰲ ا ﺴﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﻫﺠﺎت ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ا ﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ا ﺠـﺮات وﻗـﺪ ﺣـﺪد ﺗﻮﻫﺠ ﻏ ﻋﺎدﻳ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌـﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟـﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﻠـﺬﻳﻦ ﺗـﻢ إ ﺎ ﻤ ﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬ ﺧـﻼل اﻟﻔـﱰة ﺑـ ﻋـــﺎﻣﻲ 2016 و 2018 . ﻗـــﺎل : " ﻫﻴﻨﻜ ــﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺨـــﱪك ﻏﺎﻳـــﺎ ﻗﺎل ﻫﻴﻨﻜﻞ ﺗﻻ : " ﺨﱪك ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪث ﺗﺑﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺨﱪك أن ﺷﻴﺌ ﻣﺎ ﺎُ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻐ ﰲ ﺳﻄﻮﻋﻪ ." أﻃﻠﻖ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌـﺔ اﺳـﺘﻤﺮت ﻟﺴـﻨﻮات ﻋﺪﻳـﺪة ﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻫﺬه ا ﰲ. ﺼﺎدر ﻏﻀﻮن ذﻟﻚ اﻛﺘُﺸـﻒ ﺣﺪث ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺑﺨﺼـﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠـﺔ ﻋـﺎم 2020 ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﺸﺄة زوﻳﻜـﻲ ﻟﻠﻈـﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﻌـﺎﺑﺮ ة وأﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﺎم 2023 أﻇﻬﺮ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت أرﺷﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻛﻴﻚ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻨﺠﻤـ ﻋـﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺑﻘﻮة ﻓﻜـﺮة أن اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺑ ﺮة ا ﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ ﻤﺜﻞﺗ ﻓﺌـﺔ ﺟﺪﻳــﺪة ﻣﻤﻴــﺰة ﻣ ـﻦ اﻷﺣ ـﺪاث اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴ ـﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ . ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﲆ أرﺻﺎد ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻗﺮر اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ أن ﻫﺬه اﻷﺣـﺪاث اﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮات ﻋﻈﻤﻰ ﻷ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗ ﻄﻠﻖ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ أﻛـﱪ ﺑﻜﺜـ ﻣـﻦ أي اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر ﻧﺠﻤـﻲ . ﻣﻌﺮوف أﺷﺎرت ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠـﺔ إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻀـﻮء ا ﺴـﺘﻤﺮة وا ﻤﺘـﺪة ﺑﻘﻮة إﱃ آﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ا ﺎدة ﺣﻮل ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـﻚ ﺗﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺗﻮﻫﺠﺎت اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒـ ﻋﻦ اﻟﱰاﻛﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد . ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺨﻦ ا ﻮاد ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜ ﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻳ ﻨﺒﻌـﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻀﻮء وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗ ﻈﻬـﺮ ﺗﻐـ ات ﻏـ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ وﻏ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ اﻟ . ﺴﻄﻮع ﺗﺸ اﻟ ﺘﻮﻫﺠﺎت اﻟ اﻟ ﺴﻠﺴﺔ و ﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻷﻣﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻄﻠﻘﻬﺎ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد اﻟﻨﺸـﻂ إﱃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰة ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ اﻟـﱰاﻛﻢ اﻟﺘـﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﺎدة ﻧﺠﻢ ﻣ ﻤﺰق ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳـﻮ د ﻓـﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ . أﻛﺪ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻣ ﺷﺎﺑﻲ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ا ﺸﺎرك ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ إﻳﻔﺎ وا ﺆﻟﻒ ا ﺸﺎرك ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ، ﻋـﲆ اﻵﺛ ـﺎر ا ﱰﺗﺒ ـﺔ ﻋ ـﲆ ذﻟ ـﻚ ﻗ ـﺎﺋﻼً " : ﺗ ـﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﻫﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ أداة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻗﻴ ﻤﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴ ﻮداء اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﰲ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة اً وﻧﻈﺮ ﻟﺸﺪة ﺳﻄﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻳ ﻤﻜﻨﻨ ﺎ رؤﻳﺘﻬـﺎ ﻋـﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ . وﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔ ﻠﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻌﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﻦ إﱃ اﻟـﻮراء ﻣـﻦ ﺧـ و ﻼل ﻣﺮاﻗﺒـﺔ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺘﻮﻫﺠـﺎت ا ﻄﻮﻟـﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ اﻛﺘﺴﺎب رؤى ﻋﻤﻴﻘـﺔ ﺣـﻮل ﻧﻤـﻮ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﺧﻼل ﺣﻘﺒـﺔ ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﺗُﻌـﺮف ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ " ﻇﻬ ة اﻟﻜﻮن " ﻋﻨﺪﻣ ﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﻮن ﰲ ﻧﺼـﻒ ﻋﻤﺮه اﻟﺤﺎﱄ و ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ا ﺠﺮات أوجﰲ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وﺗﻐﺬي ﺛﻘﻮﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺴـﻮداء اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﻳﻔﻮق ا ﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﺎﱄ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﻋﴩ ﻣﺮات إن ﻧﺪرة اﻟﺘﻮﻫﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﻤﻌﺪل أﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﴩة ﻣﻼﻳ ﻣﺮة ﻋﲆ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل أﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﴩة ﻣﻼﻳ ﺮة ﻋــﲆ اﻷﻗــﻞ ﻣــﻦ ا ﺴــﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﻬﺎ أﻣـﺮ اً ﺎً ﺻـﻌﺒ وﻳﻌﺘﻤ ـﺪ ﻋـﲆ ا ﺮاﻗﺒ ـﺔ ا ﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن . ﺗ ﻌﺪ ﻣﺮاﺻﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻓ ا ﳼ . روﺑ وﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻧﺎﻧﴘ ﻏﺮﻳﺲ روﻣﺎن اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ا ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟ ﻮﻛﺎﻟـﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺸﺎف ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺬه اﻷﺣﺪاث ا ﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺛﻮرة ﰲ ﻓﻬﻤﻨــﺎ ﻟﻨﺸـــﺎط اﻟﺜﻘــﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ا ﺒﻜـﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺣﻮل ﺗﻄﻮر ا ﺠﺮات . : " ﴏح ﻫﻴﻨﻜـﻞ ﻻ ﺗ ﺸـ ﻫـﺬه اﻷﺣـﺪاث إﱃ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺔ اﻟ ﺪراﻣﻴ ـﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻞ ﺗ ﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﻀﻮ ء ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ا ﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻤﻮ أﻛﱪ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ." رﺳـــﻢ ﺗﺨ ﻠـــﻲﻣﺘﺤــــﺮك ﻟﻈــــﺎﻫﺮة ﻧ ــــﺔ ﻮو ﻋـــﺎﺑﺮة . ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻓــــﺔ ﺗﺸــــ ــــﺔ ﻤ اﻟﻄﺎﻗــــﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠـــﺔ إﺿـــﺎﻓﺔ إﻟـــﻰﻣﻨﺤﻨ ﺎﺗﻬـــﺎ اﻟﻀـــﻮﺋ ﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﺴـــﺔ واﻟﻤﻤﺘـــﺪة ـــﺔ ﺪ ﻠـــ إﻟـــﻰ آﻟ ﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟـ ا ﻢ ﻧﺤـﻮ ﺛﻘـﺐ أﺳـﻮد ﻓـﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠـﻒ و ﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟﻈـﻮاﻫﺮ ﺸـ ﻞ واﺿـــــﺢ ﻋــــــﻦ اﻟــــــ ا ﻢ اﻟ ﻓــــــﻲ ا ــــــﺪ ﺘﻘﻠ ﻟب ا ﻮ ﻟﺜﻘـــــ اء ﺴــــــﻮد ــــــﺚ ﺣ ﺗﺴــــــﺨﻦ اﻟﻤــــــﻮاد اﻟﻤﺤ ﻄـــــﺔ ﺎﻟﺜﻘــــــﺐ اﻷﺳـــــﻮد وﺗ ﻌــــــﺚ اﻟﻀــــــﻮء ﻣـــــﻊ ﺗﻐــــــ ات ﻏـــــ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤــــــﺔ وﻏــــــ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌـــﺔ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﺴـــﻄﻮع . ﺗﺸـــ اﻟﺘﻮﻫﺠـــﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﺴـــﺔ وﻃﻮ ﻠـــﺔ اﻷﻣـــﺪ ﻟﻠ ﻈـــﻮاﻫﺮ ــــﺔ ﻣﻤــــ ة ــــﺔ ﻓ ﺎﺋ ـــﺔ اﻟﻌــــﺎﺑﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓــــﺔ إﻟــــﻰﻋﻤﻠ اﻟﻨﻮو - اﻟــــ ا ﻢ اﻟﺘــــﺪر ﺠﻲ ﻟﻨ ﻢ ﻣُﻤ ﺰق ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ . [W. M. Keck Observatory/Adam Makarenko] ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ - ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 5