Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2025 ARABIC VERSION

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER2025 Sparse pockets of light amongstdarkcloudsofC hamaeleonI by NOIRLab Josie Fenske he origin of our Sun, and all the planets, comets and aster- oidsthatorbitit,canbetraced backtotheirbirthplaceinsideamas- sive cloud of cold gas and dust, not unlike the billowing molecular cloud featured in this image. Found within these cool regions of highly con- densedinterstellarmaterialarestel- lar nurseries where young stars are emerging from the swirling gaseous plumes.Theseregionsarealsohome tonebulaethatshinebrightwiththe reflectedlightofnewly formedstars. Thisimagewascaptured with the 570-megapixel Department of Energy- fabricated Dark Energy Camera(DECam)mount- ed on the U.S. National Science Foundation Víc- tor M. Blanco 4-meter TelescopeatCerroTololo Inter-AmericanObserva- tory, a Program of NSF NOIRLab. It showcases theatramentousmolecu- lar cloud known as the ChamaeleonIdarkcloud. Locatedabout500light- yearsaway,ChamaeleonI isthenearestactivestar- forming region to Earth. This dark cloud is estimated to be around two billion years old and is home toabout 200–300 stars. Chamaeleon I is just a small compo- nent of the larger Chamaeleon Com- plex, an enormous active stellar birthplace that occupies almost the entirety of the southern constella- tion Chamaeleon, even overlapping intoApus,Musca,CarinaandOctans. The Chamaeleon Complex also in- cludestheChamaeleonIIandCha- maeleonIIIdarkclouds,whichshow little and no active star formation, respectively.Nearthecenterofthis image,brightlyglowingfromwithin the thick cosmic dust, is one of ChamaeleonI’snotablefeatures,the stunning reflection nebula Ceder- blad111. Reflectionnebulaearecloudsofgas and dust that do not create their own light, but instead shine by re- flectingthelightfromnearbystars. Thishappensinthesurroundingsof newlyformedstarsthat are not hot enough to ex- cite the hydrogen atomsofthecloud,asisthec ase for emission nebulae. In- stead, their light bounces off of the particles within the cloud. Cederblad 110, a second reflection nebula within ChamaeleonI,canbeseen justaboveCederblad111 with its recognizable C- shape. Like Cederblad 111, Cederblad 110 lies close to an active low- mass star forming region where the light of young stars is scattered by the nebula’sdustparticles. ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 26 ﺟﻴﻮبﺿﻮﺋ ﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ وﺳﻂ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻣﻈﻠﻤﺔ : ﻘﻠﻢ ﺟﻮزيﻓ ﻨﺴﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﺘ ﻧﻮرﻻب إن أﺻﻞ اﻟ ﺸﻤﺲ وﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ وا ﺬ ﻧﺒﺎت واﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻪ إﱃ ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺤﺎﺑ ﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺒﺎرد واﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ا ﺘﺼـ ﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة و . ﺟﺪت ﻫﺬه ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺒﺎردة ﻣ ﻦ ا ﻮاد اﻟﺒ ﻧ ﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺎ ﰲ ﺣ ﺿـﻨﺎت ﻧﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗﻨﺒﺜـﻖ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ اﻟﺪواﻣﺔ . ﺗُﻌﺘـﱪ ﻫﺬه ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ أﻳﻀًﺎ إﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻖ ﺑﺎﻧﻌﻜﺎ س اﻟﻀﻮء ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺣﺪﻳﺜـﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ . اﻟﺘُﻘﻄﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ) DECam ( ﺑ ــﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻄﺎﻗــﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ دي ) ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ( ﻛﺎم 570 ﻣﻴﺠﺎﺑﻜﺴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ وزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﺔ وا ﺜ ﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻓﻴﻜﺘـﻮر ﺑﻼﻧﻜﻮ اﻟﺒـﺎﻟﻎ ﻗﻄـﺮه 4 أﻣﺘـﺎر واﻟﺘ ـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟ ﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴ ـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠ ـﻮم اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴ ـﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻ ـﺪ ﺳ و ﺗﻮﻟﻮﻟﻮ وﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺨﺘـﱪ ﻧـﻮرﻻب ﺗ. ﻈﻬـﺮ ﻫــﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة اﻟﺴــﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌ ﻴ ـﺔ ا ﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺑﺎء ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ . ﺗﻘﻊ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺑـﺎء اﻷوﱃ ﻋﲆ ﺑُﻌﺪ ﺣﻮاﱄ 500 ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ وﻫـﻲ أﻗـﺮب ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻧﺸــﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻜــﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم إﱃ اﻷرض . ﻳُﻘ ــﺪر ﻋﻤ ــﺮ ﻫ ــﺬه اﻟﺴــﺤﺎﺑﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤــﺔ ﺑﺤــﻮاﱄ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎري ﺳـﻨﺔ، وﻫـﻲ ﻣـﻮﻃﻦ ﻟﺤـﻮاﱄ ٢٠٠ - ٣٠٠ . ﻧﺠـﻢ ﻟﻬـﺬه ﻣﻠﻴﺎري ﺳﻨﺔ ـ وﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻮﻃﻦ ﻟﺤﻮاﱄ 200 - 300 ﺘﻌﺘـﱪ ﺗ. ﻧﺠﻢ ﺳـﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺑـﺎء اﻷوﱃ ﺟـﺰء اً اً ﺻﻐ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﺑـﺎء اﻟﺴـﺤﺎﺑﻲ اﻷﻛـﱪ وﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﻃﻦ ﻧﺠﻤـﻲ ﻫﺎﺋـﻞ وﻧﺸـﻂ ﻳﺸـﻐﻞ و ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺣﺘـﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺘـﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣـﻊ ﻛﻮﻛﺒـﺎت اﻟﻄـﺎﺋﺮ اﻟ ﺠﻨـﺎن واﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ و اﻟﺼﺎري واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ . ﻳﻀـﻢ ﺗﺠﻤـﻊ اﻟﺤﺮﺑـﺎء أﻳﻀـ ﺎً ﻏﻴ ـﻮم اﻟﺤﺮﺑ ـﺎء II وﻏﻴــﻮم اﻟﺤﺮﺑﺎء III ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻈ ﻬﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻨﺸـﻂ أو ﻻ ﺗ ﻈﻬـﺮه ﻋـﲆ اﻻﻃﻼق . ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻳﺘﻮﻫﺞ ﺑﺸ ﺪة ﻣﻦ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﺒﺎرزة ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺑﺎء I ﻮوﻫ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﳼ ا ﺬﻫﻞ Ceder-blad111 . اﻟﺴﺪم اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳـﻴ ﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﻏﻴـﻮم ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐـﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺿﻮءﻫﺎ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺔ . ﻳﺤﺪث ﻫﺬا ﰲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ اﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻹﺛـﺎرة ذرات اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ ﰲ اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫـﻮ اﻟﺤـﺎل ﰲ اﻟﺴﺪم اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﻴـﺔ . ﺑـﺪﻻً ﻣـﻦ ذﻟـﻚ ﻳـﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺿﻮءﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت داﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ . ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رؤﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﺪرﺑﻼد 110 وﻫﻮ ﺳـﺪﻳﻢ اﻧﻌﻜـﺎﳼ ﺛـﺎنٍ ﺿــﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺑـﺎء اﻷوﱃ أﻋـﲆ ﺳﻴﺪرﺑﻼد 111 ﻣﺒﺎﴍةً ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻪ ا ﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف C وﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻴﺪرﺑﻼد 111 ﻳﻘﻊ ﺳـﻴﺪرﺑﻼد 110 ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻜــﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀــﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠــﺔ ﺣﻴــﺚ ﻳﺘﻨــﺎﺛﺮ ﺿــﻮء اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ ﺑﻔﻌـﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎت اﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﰲ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ . ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺴـﺪم ﻛ ﻤﺮاﻳﺎ ﻛﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺗ ﻌﻜـﺲ ﺟﻤـﺎل اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺤﻴﻄـﺔ ﺑﻬـ ﺎ وﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ـﺎً ﺑــﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻷزرق ﻧﺘﻴﺠــﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻷزرق أ ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳ ﺘﺸـﺘﺖ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﰲ ﺳﻤﺎء اﻷرض . ﺴﻠﻂ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔ ﺪﻳﻮ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﺔ ﻓﻲﺳﺤﺎ ﺔ اﻟـﺤﺮ ﺎء [CTIO/NOIRLab/DOE/NSF/AURA−ImageProcessing:T.A.Rec- tor(UniversityofAlaskaAnchorage/NSFNOIRLab),M.Zamani& D.deMartin(NSFNOIRLab)−Motiongraphics:MikGarrison− Music:ScanningtheUnknown-MikGarrison] ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ - ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 5