Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2025 ARABIC VERSION

turbulentnatureofthisnebula,” hesaid. This scene has been forming for at least 4,000 years — and will con- tinue to change over many more millennia. At the center are two stars that appear as one in Webb’s observation, and are set off with brilliant diffraction spikes. The stars follow a tight, elongated nine-year orbit and are draped in an arc of dust represented in orange. One of these stars, which used to be several times more massive than our Sun, took the lead role in producing this scene. “As it evolved, it puffed up, throwing off layers of gas and dust in in a very slow, dense stellar wind,” saidDavidJones,aseniorsci- entist at the Institute of Astro- physics on the Canary Islands, who proved there is a binary star system at the center in 2017. Oncethestar’souterlayerswereex- pelled,onlyitshot,compactcorere- mained. As a white dwarf star, its windsbothspedupandweakened, whichmighthavesweptupmaterial into thin shells. Webb’sobservationsshowtheneb- ula is tilted at a 60-degree angle, which makes it look like a can is beingpoured,butit’sfarmorelikely thatNGC1514takestheshapeofan hourglasswiththeendsloppedoff. Look for hints of its pinched waist near top left and bottom right, wherethedustisorangeanddrifts into shallow V-shapes. What might explain these contours? “Whenthisstarwasatitspeakof losing material, the companion could have gotten very, very close,” Jones said. “That interaction can leadtoshapesthatyouwouldn’tex- pect.Insteadofproducingasphere, this interaction might have formed these rings.” ThoughtheoutlineofNGC1514is “sides” that are part of its three-di- mensional shape. Look for the dim, semi-transparent orange clouds be- tween its rings that give the nebula body. The nebula’s two rings are un- evenly illuminated in Webb’s obser- vations, appearing more diffuse at bottom left and top right. They also look fuzzy, or textured. “We think the rings are primarily made up of verysmalldustgrains,” Resslersaid. “When those grains are hit by ultra- violet light from the white dwarf star, they heat up ever so slightly, which we think makes them just warm enough to be detected by Webb in mid-infrared light.” In addition to dust, the telescope also revealed oxygen in its clumpy pinkcenter,particularlyattheedges of the bubbles or holes. NGC1514isalsonotableforwhatis absent. Carbon and more complex versions of it, smoke-like material knownaspolycyclicaromatichydro- carbons, are common in planetary nebulae (expanding shells of glow- ing gas expelled by stars late in theirlives).Neitherweredetectedin NGC1514.Morecomplexmolecules might not have had time to form due to the orbit of the two central stars, which mixed up the ejected material. A simpler composition also meansthatthelightfrombothstars reachesmuchfarther,whichiswhy we see the faint, cloud-like rings. What about the bright blue star to the lower left with slightly smaller diffraction spikes than the central stars? It’s not part of this nebula. In fact, this star lies closer to us. Thisplanetarynebulahasbeenstud- ied by astronomers since the late 1700s.AstronomerWilliamHerschel noted in 1790 that NGC 1514 was the first deep sky object to appear genuinelycloudy—hecouldnotre- solve what he saw into individual starswithinacluster,likeotherob- jectshecataloged.WithWebb,our clearest,thehourglassalsohas viewisconsiderablyclearer.    ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 25 اﻟﺴـــــــــﺪ ﻢ ــــــــــﻮﻛ اﻟ 1514 NGC ـ ﻟــــــــــ ا ﻤﻴﻞ واﻟﻤﺸــــــــﺮق ــــــــﺔ اﻟﺜــــــــﻮر ﻓــــــــﻲ ﻮﻛ ــــــــﺚ ﻳ ﻌــــــــﺪ ﺣ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ 1500 ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض . ﻣﻌﻬﺪ أﺑﺤـﺎث ﻣـ ي أﺻـﺒﺢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻨـﺎ اﻵن اﻟﻘﻴـﺎم ﺑ ﺪراﺳـﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ا ﻀـﻄﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻬـﺬ ا اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ". ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬا ا ﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﻨﺬ 4000 ﻋﺎم ﻋﲆ اﻷﻗﻞ وﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻐ ﻋﲆ ﻣـﺪى آﻻف اﻟﺴـﻨ اﻷﺧﺮى . ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﰲ ا ﺮﻛـﺰ ﻧﺠﻤـﺎن ﻳﻈﻬـﺮان ﻛــﻨﺠﻢ واﺣــﺪ ﰲ رﺻــﺪ ﺗﻠﺴــﻜﻮب وﻳــﺐ وﻳﻨﻄﻠﻘـ ﺎن ﺑﻄﻔــﺮا ت ﺣﻴـﻮد راﺋﻌـﺔ . ﻳﺘﺒـﻊ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﺎن ﻣﺪار اً ﺎً ﺿﻴﻘ وﻣﻤـﺪود اً ﻣﺪﺗـﻪ ﺗﺴـﻊ ﺳﻨﻮات وﻳﻐﻄﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﻮس ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر ﻣﻤﺜـﻞ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﱄ . أﺣﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺬي ﻛـﺎن ﰲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ أﺿﺨﻢ ﺑﻌﺪة ﻣـﺮات ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﺗﻮﱃ اﻟﺪور اﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘﰲ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻫﺬا ا ﺸﻬﺪ . ﻗﺎل دﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﻧﺰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﺒ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳ ﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺰر اﻟﻜﻨﺎري واﻟﺬي أﺛﺒـﺖ وﺟـﻮد ﻧﻈﺎم ﻧﺠﻤﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ا ﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﺎم 2017 " : ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮره اﻧﺘﻔﺦ ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﱃ ﻗﺬف ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﰲ رﻳـﺎح ﻧﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺑﻄﻴﺌـﺔ ﺟـﺪ اً وﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ." ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﻃﺮد اﻟﻄﺒﻘـﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻢ، ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺒﻖ ﺳﻮى ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ا ﻀﻐﻮط . ﻛـﻨﺠﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻢ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺒﻖ ﺳﻮى ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ا ﻀﻐﻮ ﺠﻢ ﻛـﻨ . ط ﻗﺰم أﺑﻴﺾ ﺗﺴﺎرﻋﺖ رﻳﺎﺣﻪ وﺿﻌﻔﺖ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺟﺮف ا ﻮاد إﱃ أﻏﻠﻔﺔ رﻗﻴﻘﺔ . ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ أرﺻﺎد ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ أن ﻏﻼﻓﻪ ﻣﺎﺋـﻞ ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ 60 درﺟﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠـﻪ ﻳﺒـﺪو ﻛﻌﻠﺒـﺔ ﺗُﺴﻜﺐ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرﺟـﺢ أن ﻳﺘﺨـﺬ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ NGC1514 ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻧﺰﻻق أﻃﺮاﻓﻬﺎ . اﺑﺤـﺚ ﻋـﻦ ﺤـﺎت ﻣـﻦ ﺧـ ﴫه ـ ا ﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﺑﺎﻟ ﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ أﻋـﲆ اﻟﻴﺴـﺎر وأﺳـﻔﻞ اﻟﻴﻤ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴ ﺎً وﻳـﱰاﻛﻢ إﱃ أﺷﻜﺎل V ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ . ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔ ـ ﴪ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ؟ ﻗﺎل ﺟﻮﻧﺰ " : ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻫ ﺬا اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻓﻘﺪاﻧﻪ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺎدة رﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن رﻓﻴﻘﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺟﺪاً ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ إﱃ وﺟﻮد أﺷﻜﺎل ﻏ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺑﺪﻻً و ﻣﻦ ﺗ ﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﺮة رﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺷﻜ ﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت ." ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻣﺨﻄـﻂ NGC1514 ﻫـﻮ اﻷوﺿﺢ إﻻ أن اﻟﺴـ ﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴـﺔ ﻟﻬـﺎ أﻳﻀـﺎً " ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ " ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟـﺰء ا ﻣـﻦ ﺷـﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛـﻲ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد . اﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوٍ ﰲ أرﺻﺎد ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﺪوان أﻛﺜﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎ راً ﰲ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻴﺴـﺎر وأﻋـﲆ ﻤاﻟﻴ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺪوان ﺿﺒﺎﺑﻴﺘ أو ﻣُﺤﻜﻤﺘ . ﻗﺎل رﻳﺴـﻠﺮ " : ﻧﻌﺘﻘـﺪ أن اﻟﺤﻠﻘـﺎت ﺗﺘﻜـﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎ ﳼ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﺒﻴﺒـﺎت ﻏﺒـﺎر ﺻـﻐ ة ﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗُﺴﻘﻂ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓـﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴـﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻘﺰم اﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎت ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺨﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ داﻓﺌﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﻜﻦ وﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ رﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺿـﻮء اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ا ﺘﻮﺳــﻄﺔ ." ﺑﺎﻹﺿــﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻐﺒــﺎر ﺸــﻒ ﻛ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺎً ﻀأﻳ وﻳﺐ ا وﺟﻮد ﻋﻦ ﻷﻛﺴـﺠ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰه اﻟﻮردي ا ﺘﻜﺘﻞ وﺧﺎ ﺻﺔً ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺣـﻮاف اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎت أو اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب . ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﻓـﺎن اﻟﺴـﺪﻳﻢ NGC1514 ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣـﺎﻟﻢ ﻳـﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﺜـﻮر ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن . ﻳﻌﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﻧﺴﺨﻪ اﻷ ﻛﺜـﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴـﺪاً وﻫـﻲ ﻣــﻮاد ﺗﺸــﺒﻪ اﻟــﺪﺧﺎن وﺗ ﻌــﺮف ﺑﺎﺳــﻢ اﻟﻬﻴﺪر وﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺤﻠﻘـﺎت ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺴﺪم اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻴﺔ ) أﻏﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ا ﺘـﻮﻫﺞ اﻟـﺬي ﺗﻄـﺮده اﻟ ﻨﺠـﻮم ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ( وﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻒ أي ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻲ NGC1514 . رﺑﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻷ ﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ اً اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻟﻠﺘ ﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻨﺠﻤ ا ﺮﻛﺰﻳ اﻟﺬي ﺧﻠﻂ ا ﻮاد ا ﻘﺬوﻓـﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ أن اﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ اﻷﺑﺴﻂ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻀـﻮء ا ﻨﺒﻌـﺚ ﻣـﻦ ﻛـﻼ اﻟ ﻨﺠﻤ ﻳﺼﻞ إﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت أﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻜﺜ وﻟﻬـﺬا اﻟﺴـﺒﺐ ﻧـﺮى اﻟﺤﻠﻘـﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘـﺔ اﻟﺸـﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻴﻮم . ﻣﺎذا ﻋﻦ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ اﻷزرق اﻟﺴـﺎﻃﻊ ﰲ أﺳﻔﻞ ا ﻟﻴﺴﺎر ذي ﻃﻔـﺮات اﻟﺤﻴـﻮد اﻷﺻـﻐﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ؟ إﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﺰءاً ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ أﻗﺮب إﻟﻴﻨﺎ . ﰲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻟ ﻘﺪ درس ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻫﺬ ا اﻟﺴﺪ م اﻟﻜ ﺔ ﻮﻛﺒﻴـ ﻣﻨﺬ أواﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋ ﻻﺣﻆﴩ و ـ ﻋـﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ وﻳﻠﻴﺎم ﻫ ﺷﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎم 1790 أن اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻲ NGC 1514 ﺎن أول ﻛ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﻤﺎوي ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻏﺎﺋﻤ ﺎً ﺎً ﺗﻤﺎﻣ وﻟـﻢ ﻳـﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ رآه إﱃ ﻧﺠﻮم ﻓﺮدﻳﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘـﻮد ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﺟﺮام اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗـﺎم ﺑﻔﻬﺮﺳـﺘ ﻬﺎ وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ أﺻـﺒﺤﺖ رؤﻳﺘﻨـﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮﺣﺎ إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒ ﻛﺎﺷـﻔﺔً ﺗﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻐﺎﻣﺾ . اﻷﺑﻌﺎد . اﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺑ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ . ﺣﻠﻘﺘﺎ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ ﻣُﻀﺎء ﺗﺎن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏ ـ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ - ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 5