Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2025 ARABIC VERSION

19 NOIRLab, such as the upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), which will be conducted using the NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory. “Wide-area surveys are necessary to discoverrare,massivegalaxies,” says Williams, co-author on the paper presentingtheseresults. “Wewere hoping to discover massive and bright galaxies across the earliest epochs of the Universe to under- stand how massive galaxies form andevolve,whichhelpstointerpret thelaterepochsoftheirevolution thatwillbeobservedwiththeLSST.” Zhúlóng has a surprisingly mature structurethatisuniqueamongdis- tant galaxies, which are typically clumpyandirregular.Itresembles galaxies found in the nearby Uni- verseandhasamassandsizesimilar to those of the Milky Way. Its struc- ture shows a compact bulge in the center with old stars, surrounded by a large disk of younger stars that concentrate in spiral arms. Thisisasurprisingdiscoveryonsev- eralfronts.First,itshowsthatma- turegalaxiesthatresemblethosein our neighborhood can develop much earlier in the Universe than was previously thought possible. Second, it has long been theorized that spiral arms in galaxies take many billions of years to form, but thisgalaxydemonstratesthatspiral arms can also develop on shorter timescales.Thereisnoothergalaxy likeZhúlóngthatastronomersknow of during this early era of the Universe. “It is really exciting that this galaxy resembles a grand-design spiral gal- axy like our Milky Way,” saysWilliams. “Itisgener- ally thought that it takes billions of years for this structure to form in gal- axies, but Zhúlóng shows that this could also hap- pen in only one billion years.” Therarityofgalaxieslike Zhúlóng suggests that spiralstructurescouldbe short-lived at this epoch oftheUniverse.It’spossi- blethatgalacticmergers, or other evolutionary processes that are more commonintheearlyUni- verse, might destroy the spiral arms. Thus, spiral structuresmightbemore stable later in cosmic time, which is why they aremorecommoninour neighborhood. The PANORAMIC surveyisnovelinthatitison eof thefirstJWSTprojectstouse“pure parallel mode” — an efficient ob- serving strategy in which a second camera collects additional images whileJWST’smaincameraispointed elsewhere. “Itwasdefinitelyanad- venturetobeoneofthefirsttouse a new observing mode on a new telescope,” says Williams. FutureJWSTandAtacamaLargeMillime ter/submillimeter Array (AL- MA) observations will help confirm Zhúlóng’spropertiesandreveal moreaboutitsformationhistory. Asnewwide-areaextragalactic surveys continue, astronomers ex-pect to find more such galaxies, of- fering fresh insights into the com- plexprocessesshapingtheearlyUnivers e.     JULY-AUGUST2025 ﺻﻮرة زوﻟﻮﻧﻎ أ ﻌﺪ ﻣﺠـﺮة ـﺔ اﻛﺘ ﺣﻠﺰوﻧ اﻵن ﺸـﻔﺖﺣـ ـﻮن اﻟﻤ ﻜـﺮ ـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺠـﺮات ﻓـﻲ اﻟ ـﺔ ﻟﺘ وﺗـﻮﻓﺮﻧﻈـﺮة ﺛﺎﻗ وﺗﻘـﺪم ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻈـﺮوف ـﻮن ـﺔ اﻟ ﻓـﻲ ﺪا . ـﺔ وا ـﺄذرع ﺣﻠﺰوﻧ ﺗﺘﻤـ ﺿـﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻟﻢ واﻧﺘﻔـﺎخ ﻣ ـﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﺠـﻮم ﺮﻛـﺰيﻗـﺪ ﻢ وﻗـﺮص ﺗ ُ ﻛﺒ ﺸ ﮫ ﻨ ﺔ ﻣﺠﺮة در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧﺔ . اﻛﺘُﺸﻔﺖﻫ ـﺎﻧﻮراﻣﻲ ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺮة ﺠـﺰء ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺴـﺢ وﻫـﻮ ﻣﺴـﺢ ﺗﺼـ ﻮﻳﺮيواﺳـﻊ اﻟﻨﻄـﺎق ﻳ ﺠـــﺮى ﺎ ـــﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـــﺎﺋﻲ ﺳـــﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـــ ﻮبﺟـــ ﻤﺲو . ـــﺎدة ﺸـــﺎرك ﻓـــﻲﻗ ﻫـــﺬا اﻟﻤﺸـــﺮوع ﻋﺎﻟﻤـــﺎ اﻟﻔﻠـــﻚ اﻟﻤﺴـــﺎﻋﺪان ﻓـــﻲ ﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟ ﺼﺮيوﺗﺤﺖ اﻷ ﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺘ اﻟﻮﻃ ) ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب ( ﻛﺮﺴﺘ ﻨﺎ و ﻠ ﺎﻣﺰو ﺎﺳ ﺎل أوشﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺟﻨ ﻒ . [NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/NASA/CSA/ESA/M.Xiao (UniversityofGeneva)/G. Brammer(NielsBohr Institute)/D.deMartin& M. Zamani (NSFNOIRLab)] 19 ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﻓـ ا روﺑـﳼ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ووزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ . ﻳﻘـﻮل وﻳﻠﻴـﺎﻣﺰ ا ﺆﻟـﻒ ا ﺸـﺎرك ﰲ اﻟﻮرﻗـﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌـﺮض ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ " : إن ا ﺴﻮﺣﺎت واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎقﴐورﻳﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﻨ ـﺎدرة اﻟﻀـﺨﻤﺔ . ﻛﻨــﺎ ﻧﺄﻣــﻞ ﰲ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻣﺠﺮات ﺿﺨﻤﺔ وﻣﴩﻗﺔ ﻋﱪ أﻗـ ﺪم ﻋﺼﻮر اﻟﻜﻮن ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ وﺗﻄﻮرﻫﺎ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻔﺴـ اﻟﻌﺼـﻮر اﻟﻼﺣﻘــﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮرﻫـﺎ اﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﺳـﻴﺘﻢ رﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام LSST ". ﺗﺘﻤﻴـﺰ ﻣﺠـﺮة زوﻟﻮﻧﻎ ﺑﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﻫﺶ ﻓﺮﻳـﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺒﻌ ﻴﺪة، اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎدةً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ وﻏ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ . ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ا ات ﺠـﺮ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ وﻟﻬﺎ أﺣﺠﺎم ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗُﺸﺒﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ا ﻮﺟـﻮدة ﰲ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـ ﺗ. ﺔ ﻈﻬـﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ اﻧﺘﻔﺎﺧًﺎ ﻣﱰاﺻ ﺎً ﰲ ا ﺮﻛﺰ ﻣـﻊ ﻧﺠـﻮم ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ، ﻣُﺤﺎﻃًﺎ ﺑﻘـﺮص ﻛﺒـ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﺿﻊ رﺻﺪ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ". ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜ ﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ وﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣﺎ اﻟﻜﺒـ ة ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰﻳـﺔ / دون ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰﻳـﺔ أ ـﺎ ) ( ﰲ ﺗﺄﻛﻴـﺪ ﺧﺼــﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺠـﺮة زوﻟﻮﻧـﻎ وﻛﺸﻒ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ . وﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ا ﺴـﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة واﺳـﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﺧﺎرج ا ﺠﺮات، ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﲆ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮات، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳُﻘﺪّم رؤ ى ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺣـﻮل اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ا ﻌﻘـﺪة اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ اﻟﻜﻮن ﰲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺎﺗﻪ . ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋـﲆ ا ﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮات ﺳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮر ا ﺠﺮ ات وﺗﺄﺛ ﻫﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ وﺳﺘﻔﺘﺢ آﻓﺎﻗًﺎ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎر اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺪ م رؤى ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ ت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ اﻟﻜﻮن ﰲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺎﺗﻪ . اﻟﺴﻨ ﻟﻴﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰲ ا ﺠﺮات ﻟﻜﻦ زوﻟﻮﻧﻎ ﻳ ﻈﻬﺮ أن ﻫﺬا ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪث أﻳﻀًـﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎر ﺳـﻨﺔ ﻓﻘـﻂ ." ﺗﺸ ﻧﺪرة ا ﺠﺮات ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺠـﺮة زوﻟﻮﻧﻎ إﱃ أن اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺼ ة اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮن . ﻣﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﺆدي اﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﺎت ا ﺠﺮات أو ﻏ ﻫﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﻮرﻳــﺔ اﻷﻛﺜــﺮ ﺷــﻴﻮﻋ ﰲ ﺎً اﻟﻜﻮن ا ﺒﻜـﺮ إﱃ ﺗـﺪﻣ اﻷذرع ا ﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻜـﻮن اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛ ــﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴ ــﺔ أﻛﺜ ــﺮ اﺳـﺘﻘﺮار اً ﰲ وﻗـﺖ ﻻﺣـﻖ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ وﻫﺬا ﻫـﻮ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻮارﻧﺎ . ﻳ ﻌﺪ ا ﺴﺢ اﻟﺒﺎﻧﻮر اﻣﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اً ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻧﻪ أواﺋـﻞ ﻣﺸـﺎرﻳﻊ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم " وﺿﻊ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ا ﺘﻮازي وﻫﻲ " ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ إﺳﱰاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ رﺻـﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺠ ﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻣ ا ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﺔ اً ﺻـﻮر إﺿـﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﺗ ﻮﺟـﻪ اﻟﻜـﺎﻣ ا اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ إﱃ ﻣﻜﺎن آﺧﺮ . ﻳﻘﻮل وﻳﻠﻴﺎﻣﺰ " : ﻛﺎن ﻣـﻦ دواﻋــﻲ ﴎورﻧــﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴــﺪ أن ﻧﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أواﺋﻞ ا ﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﺿﻊ رﺻﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﲆ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻃـ ﺎ ﺑﻘـﺮص ﻛﺒـ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻷﺣﺪث ﺳﻨ ﺎً اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﱰﻛﺰ ﰲ أذرع ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻴ . ﺔ ﻳ ﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓً ﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻋـﺪة ﺟﻮاﻧـﺐ . أوﻻً ﻳﻈﻬﺮ أن ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗ ﺸـﺒﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ ﺟﻮا رﻧﺎ ﻳ ﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻄـﻮر ﰲ وﻗ ﺖ أﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﻜﺜ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻛـﺎن ﻳﻌﺘﻘـﺪ . ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﻟﻄﺎ ﺎ ﻃُﺮح ﻧﻈﺮﻳـ ﺑـ ﺎً ﺄن اﻷذرع اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴ ـﺔ ﰲ ا ﺠــﺮات ﺗﺴــﺘﻐﺮق ﻣﻠﻴ ـﺎرات اﻟﺴﻨ ﻟ ﺘﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠـﺮة ﺗُﻈﻬـﺮ أن اﻷذرع اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ ﻳ ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻄـﻮر أﻳﻀـﺎ ﰲ ﻓﱰات زﻣﻨﻴﺔ أﻗ ﻻو ﴫـ ﻳﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﻣﺠﺮة أﺧﺮى ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ا ﺒﻜـﺮة ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺠﺮة . (ﻮﻧﻎ زوﻟ ) ﻳﻘﻮل وﻳﻠﻴﺎﻣﺰ " : ﻣﻦ ا ﺜ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺣﻘًـﺎ أن ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮة ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﺠﺮة ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻴـﺔ ﺑﺘﺼـﻤﻴﻢ ر اﺋﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ." ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺘﻘـﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﺎ أن ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻬﻴﻜـﻞ ﻳﺴـﺘﻐﺮق ﻣ ﻠﻴـﺎرات اﻟﺴﻨ ﻟﻴﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﰲ ا ﺠـﺮات ﻟﻜـﻦ زوﻟﻮﻧـﻎ ﻳُﻈﻬﺮ أن ﻫﺬا ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪث أﻳﻀًﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎر ﺳـﻨﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ - ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 5