Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2025

Editor in chief Michele Ferrara Scientific advisor Prof. Enrico Maria Corsini Publisher Astro Publishing di Ferrara M. Via Bonomelli, 106 25049 Iseo - BS - ITALY email info@astropublishing.com Internet Service Provider Aruba S.p.A. Via San Clemente, 53 24036 Ponte San Pietro - BG - ITALY Copyright All material in this magazine is, unless otherwise stated, property of Astro Publishing di Ferrara M. or included with permission of its author. Reproduc- tion or retransmission of the materials, in whole or in part, in any manner, without the prior written consent of the copyright holder, is a violation of copyright law. A single copy of the ma- terials available through this course may be made, solely for personal, non- commercial use. Users may not distrib- ute such copies to others, whether or not in electronic form, whether or not for a charge or other consideration, without prior written consent of the copyright holder of the materials. The publisher makes available itself with having rights for possible not character- ized iconographic sources. Advertising - Administration Astro Publishing di Ferrara M. Via Bonomelli, 106 25049 Iseo - BS - ITALY email admin@astropublishing.com ASTROFILO l’ July-August 2025 BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION FREELY AVAILABLE THROUGH THE INTERNET English edition of the magazine Life unlikely on K2-18 b Strong magnetic fields in the star-forming region Sagittarius C The oldest known spiral galaxy in the Universe A planet in perpendicular orbit around pair of stars The surprising origins of asteroid 2024 YR 4 The atmospheric makeup of small, hot, gassy sub-Neptune TOI-421 b A dark nebula harboring a nest of newly formed stars Hubble provides a new view of the Sombrero Galaxy Potential inconsistencies in the standard cosmological model Webb identifies frozen water in young star system Evidence of cloud convection in Titan’s northern hemisphere 4 14 18 20 26 30 34 40 44 46 48