Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2026 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE2026 7 formationfrom669milliongalaxies thatarebillionsoflight-yearsfrom Earth,coveringaneighthofthesky. Now, the DES Collaboration isre- leasing results that, for the first time, combine all six years of data from weak lensing and galaxy clus- teringprobes—twotechniquesfor measuringtheUniverse’sexpansion history.Thecollaborationalsopres- entsthefirstresultsfoundbycom- bining all four methods of meas- uring the expansion history of the Universe—baryonacousticoscilla- tions (BAO), Type-Ia supernovae, galaxy clusters, and weak gravita- tional lensing — as proposed at the inception of DES 25 years ago. The paper, submitted to Physical Review D,representsasummaryof18sup- porting papers. “It is an incredible feelingtoseetheseresultsbasedon allthedata,andwithallfourprobes that DES had planned. This was somethingIwouldhaveonlydared to dream about when DES started collectingdata,andnowthedream has come true,” says Yuanyuan Zhang,assistantastronomeratNSF NOIRLab and member of the DES Collaboration. The analysis yields new, tighter con- straints that narrow down the pos- sible models for how the Universe behaves. These constraints are more than twice as strong as those from pastDESanalyseswhileremaining consistent with previous DES results. “TheseresultsfromtheDarkEnergy Survey shine new light on our un- derstanding of the Universe and its expansion,” said Regina Rameika, Associate Director for the Office of High Energy Physics in the DOE’s Office of Science (DOE/SC). “They demonstrate how long-term invest- ment in research and combining multiple types of analysis can pro- vide insight into some of the Uni- verse’s biggest mysteries.” The first clue for dark energy was uncovered about a century ago whenastronomersnoticedthatdis- tant galaxies appeared to be mov- ing away from us. In fact, the fartherawayagalaxyis,thefaster itrecedes.Thisprovidedthefirstkey evidence that the Universe is ex- panding. But since the Universe is permeated by gravity, a force that pullsmattertogether,astronomers expectedtheexpansionwouldslow down over time. Then, in 1998, two independent teams of cosmologists used distant supernovae to discover that the Universe’s expansion is accelerating rather than slowing. To explainthese observations, they proposed a new kind of phenomenon that is re- sponsible for driving the Universe’s accelerated expansion: dark energy. Astrophysicists now believe dark en- ergymakesupabout70%ofthe mass-energydensityoftheUniverse. Yet,westillknowverylittleaboutit. In the following years,scientists began devising experiments to study dark energy, including DES. Today, DES is an international col- laboration of over 400 astrophysi- cists and scientists from 35 insti- tutions in seven countries led by DOE’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Forthelatestresults,DESscientists greatly advanced methodsusing weaklensingtorobustlyreconstruct the distribution of matter in the Universe. Weak lensing is the distor- tion of light from distant galaxies due to the gravity of intervening matter,likegalaxyclusters.Theydid thisbymeasuringtheprobabilityof two galaxies being a certain dis- tanceapartandtheprobabilitythat they are also distorted similarly by weaklensing.Byreconstructingthe matter distribution over six billion yearsofcosmichistory,thesemeas- urements of weak lensing and gal- axy distribution tell scientists how much dark energy and dark matter there is at each moment. Inthisanalysis,DEStestedtwomod- els of the Universe against their data.Thereisthecurrentlyaccepted standard model of cosmology— Lambdacolddarkmatter( Λ CDM)— in which the dark energy density is constant.Thereisalsoanextended model,inwhichthedarkenergy densityevolvesovertime—wCDM. DES found that their data mostly alignedwiththestandardmodelof cosmology. Their data also fit the evolvingdarkenergymodel,butno better than they fit the standard model. However,oneparameterisstilloff. Basedonmeasurementsoftheearly Universe, both the standard and evolvingdarkenergymodelspredict howmatterintheUniverseclusters atlatertimes.Inpreviousanalyses, galaxyclusteringwasfoundtobe ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 7 ﺛﻤﻦ اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء اﻵن . ﻳ ﺼـﺪر ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ ا ــﴩوع ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺴﺎت ﻋﺪﺳـﺎت اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ اﻟﻀـﻌﻴﻔﺔ وﺗﺠﻤﻌﺎت ا ﺠﺮات وﻫـﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺘـﺎن ﻟﻘﻴـﺎس ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻤﺪد اﻟﻜﻮن . ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳ ﻘـﺪم اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ أوﱃ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗـﻢ اﻟ ﺘﻮﺻـﻞ إﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑـ ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ اﻟﻄـﺮق اﻷرﺑـﻊ ﻟﻘﻴـﺎس ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻤـﺪد اﻟﻜـﻮن - اﻟﺘﺬﺑـﺬﺑﺎت اﻟﺼـﻮﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺎرﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ وا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع Ia وﺗﺠﻤﻌ ـﺎت ا ﺠــﺮات و ﻋﺪﺳــﺎت اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴــﺔ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ اﻗﱰاﺣﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪء ﻣﴩـوع ﻣﺴﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ 25 . ﺎﻋﺎﻣ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴـﺔ ا ﻘﺪﻣـﺔ إﱃ ﻣﺠﻠـﺔ زﻳﻜـﺎل رﻳﻔﻴﻮ دي ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻠﺨﺼًﺎ ﻟـ ١٨ ورﻗﺔ ﺑﺤﺜﻴـﺔ . داﻋﻤﺔ وﺗﻘـﻮل ﻳﻮاﻧﻴــﻮان ﺗﺸـﺎﻧﻎ، ﻋﺎﻟِﻤـﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ا ﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ اﻟﺒﴫﻳﺎت اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻧﻮارﻻب ) ( وﻋﻀـﻮ دراﺳـﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ : » إﻧﻪ ﺷﻌﻮر ﻻ ﻳُﺼـﺪق أن أرى ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨ ﺘــﺎﺋﺞ ا ﺴــﺘﻨﺪة إﱃ ﺟﻤﻴــﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧــﺎت وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ا ﺠﺴـﺎت اﻷرﺑﻌـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺧﻄﻄﺖ ﻟﻬﺎ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ . ﳾء ﻛﻨﺖ أﺟﺮؤ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺤﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺑـﺪأت درا ﺳﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻵن أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺤﻠﻢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ «. ﻳ ﺴﻔﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻮد ﺟﺪﻳﺪة وأﻛﺜـﺮ دﻗـﺔ ﺗُﻀﻴّﻖ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ا ﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻜﻮن . ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻴﻮد أﻗﻮى ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀـﻌﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ا ﺴﺘﻤﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼ ت دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋـﲆ اﺗﺴـﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ . وﻗﺎﻟﺖ رﻳﺠﻴﻨﺎ راﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ، ا ـﺪﻳﺮة ا ﺴـﺎﻋﺪة ﰲ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻮزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻷﻣ ﻛﻴﺔ : ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﺿﻮءًا ﺟﺪﻳﺪًا ﻋـﲆ ﻓﻬﻤﻨـﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻮزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻷﻣ ﻛﻴﺔ : » ﺗُﺴﻠّﻂ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺿﻮءاً ﺟﺪﻳﺪاً ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن وﺗﻤﺪدِه . " إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﻛ ﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻃﻮﻳـﻞ اﻷﻣﺪ ﰲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ واﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ أن ﻳُﻘﺪّم ﻧﻈﺮة ﺛﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌﺾٍ ﻣـﻦ أﻛﱪ أﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻜﻮن ". ﺗﻢ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ أول دﻟﻴـﻞ ﻋﲆ وﺟﻮد اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﻮاﱄ ﻗﺮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻﺣﻆ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ أن ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﺗﺒﺪو وﻛﺄﻧ ﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻣﺒ ﺘﻌﺪةً ﻋﻨﺎ . ﰲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ا ﺠﺮة أﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﴎع ﰲ اﺑﺘﻌﺎدﻫﺎ وﻗﺪ وﻓّﺮ ﻫﺬا أو ل دﻟﻴﻞ رﺋﻴﴘ ﻋﲆ أن اﻟﻜﻮن ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻊ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻜﻮن ﻳﺨﱰق ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ ﻗﻮة ﺗﺠﺬب ا ﺎدة ﻣﻌًـﺎ ﻓﻘـﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ أﺑﻄﺄ ﻣﻊ ﻣـﺮور اﻟﻮﻗـ ﺛـﻢ . ﺖ ﰲ ﻋـﺎم 1998 اﺳـﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﺮﻳﻘـﺎن ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻼن ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺎت ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة ﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎف أن ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻳﺘﺴﺎرع ﺑـﺪﻻً ﻣـﻦ أن ﻳﺘﺒﺎﻃـﺄ . ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬه ا ﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻗﱰﺣﻮا ﻧﻮﻋ ﺎً اً ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ ا ﺴـﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋـﻦ دﻓـﻊ اﻟﺘﻮﺳـﻊ ا ﺘﺴﺎرع ﻟﻠﻜﻮن : اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ . ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻵن أن اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﻮاﱄ 70 % ﻣ ﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻧـﺰال ﻧﻌـﺮف ﻻ ﻻا ﻋﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪ . اً ﰲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺑـﺪأ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺘﺼـ ﻤﻴﻢ ﺗﺠـﺎرب ﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﺔ ﻣﺴـﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ و اﻟﻴﻮم ﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا ا ﴩوع ﺎً وﻧ ﺗﻌﺎ ﺎً دوﻟﻴ ﻳﻀﻢ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ 400 ﻋـﺎﻟ ﻢ ﻓﻴﺰﻳـﺎء ﻓﻠﻜﻴـﺔ وﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ 35 ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻊ دول ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻓ ﻣﻲ اﻟـﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﴪـﻋﺎت اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻓ ﻣﻲ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤـ ـ ﴪﻋﺎت اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻷ . ﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼـﻮل ﻋـﲆ أﺣﺪث اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻃـﻮر ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء ﻣﺴـﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻛﺒـ أﺳـﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎء ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ا ـﺎدة ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ﺑﺪﻗﺔ . اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻮه اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻘﺎدم ﻣﻦ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة ﺑﺴـﺒﺐ ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ا ﺎدة ا ﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ ا ﺠﺮات . وﻗﺪ ﻓﻌﻠ ﻮا ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻗﻴـﺎس اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺠﺮﺗ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ واﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﻫﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﻤﺎﺛـﻞ ﺑﻔﻌـﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﺳـﺎت اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ . ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎء ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ا ـﺎدة ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪى ﺳـﺘﺔ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎرات ﺳـﻨﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺗـﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜـﻮن ﺗ ﺨـﱪ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳـﺎت ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳـﺎت اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ وﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ﺑﻜﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـ ﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤ ـﺔ وا ـﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤ ـﺔ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ . ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﺧﺘﱪ ﻣﴩوع ﻣﺴﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻧﻤﻮذﺟ ﻟﻠﻜـﻮن ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬـﺎ . ﻫﻨ ﺎك اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻘﻴﺎﳼ ا ﻘﺒﻮل ﺣﺎﻟﻴـ ﺎً ﻟﻌﻠـﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺎت - ﻧﻤـﻮذج ﻻﻣـﺪا ﻟﻠﻤـﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ اﻟﺒـﺎردة ( Λ CDM) - ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗﻜـﻮن ﻛﺜﺎﻓـﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ . وﻫﻨﺎك أﻳﻀـﺎ ﻧﻤـﻮذج ﻣﻮﺳﻊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ ﺑﻤ ـﺮور اﻟﻮﻗ ـﺖ - ﻧﻤ ـﻮذج wCDM. وﺟــﺪ ﻣﴩوع ﻣﺴﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ أن ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬـﺎ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﰲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻘﻴﺎﳼ ﻟﻌﻠـﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺎت . ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣـ ﻊ ﻧﻤـﻮذج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ا ﺘﻄﻮرة وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻣـﻊ اﻟﻨﻤـﻮذج اﻟﻘﻴـﺎﳼ . وﻣﻊ ذﻟـﻚ، ﻻ ﻳـﺰال ﻫﻨـﺎك اﺧـﺘﻼف ﰲ أﺣـﺪ ا ﻌﺎﻳ ا. اً ﺳﺘﻨﺎد إﱃ ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﺎت اﻟﻜـﻮن ا ﺒﻜـﺮ ﻳﺘﻨﺒﺄ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﻤـﻮذج اﻟﻘﻴـﺎﳼ وﻧﻤـﻮذج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ا ﺘﻄﻮرة ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ا ﺎدة ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ﰲ أوﻗﺎت ﻻﺣﻘﺔ . ﰲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼت ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ و ﺟﺪ أن ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺎت ا ﺠﺮات ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻤـﺎ ﻛـﺎن . ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌًﺎ وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ أﺣﺪث اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﺗﺴﻌﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺠـﻮة وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ إﱃ درﺟـﺔ اﻟﻴﻘـ ﺑـﺄن اﻟﻨﻤـﻮذج اﻟﻘﻴﺎﳼ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺎت ﻏ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ . واﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ دﻣﺠـﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗ ﻬﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرب أﺧﺮى . ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﺳﺘﺪﻣﺞ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻄ ﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣـﻊ أﺣـﺪث اﻟﻘﻴـﻮد ﻣـﻦ ﺗﺠـﺎرب اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ اﻷﺧـﺮى ﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ اﻟﺼـــﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺴـــﺎ ﻘﺔ : ﺘﻤﺘـــﻊ ﺗﻠﺴـــ ﻮب ﻓ ﻜﺘـــﻮ ر ـــﻮ ﻼﻧ ﻘﻄـــﺮ 4 ـــﺔ اﻟﻮﺻـــﻮل اﻟﻤ ﺎﺷـــﺮ إﻟـــﻰ أﻣﺘـــﺎرﺑﺈﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺳﻤﺎء ﺟ ﺎل اﻷﻧﺪﻳﺰاﻟﺘﺸ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺸﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌـﮫ ﻓـﻲﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﺳـ و ﺗﻮﻟﻮﻟـﻮ وﻫـﻮ ﺑﺮـﺎﻣﺞ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻤﺨﺘـ ـﺔ ﻧـﻮﻳﺮﻻب اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨ . إﻟـﻰ أﻋﻠــﻰ ﻤـ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـ ﻮب ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ " ﻧ ﻤـﺔ اﻟﻤﺴـﺎء " وﻫــﻲ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗـــﻊ ﻮﻛـــﺐ اﻟﺰﻫـــﺮة . أﺳـــﻔﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـــ ﻮب إﻟـــﻰ اﻟ ﻤـــ ﻈﻬـــﺮﺗﻠﺴـــ ﻮب ﺳـــﻤﺎرﺲ ﻘﻄـــﺮ 1.5 ﻣـــ وﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب ﺳﻤﺎرﺲ ﻘﻄﺮ 0.9 اﻷ ﻌ )ﻣ (. ﺪ ـﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ـﻮ ـﺔ اﻟﻔﻀـ ﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺴـ ﻮب ﻼﻧ ﻘﻊ داﺧـﻞ اﻟﻘ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤــﺔ اﻟﻤﺜ ﺘــﺔ ﻋﻨــﺪ اﻟﺒــﺆرة اﻟﺮ ﺴــ ﺔ اﻷوﻟــﻰ ) ( ــﺎﻟﻘﺮ ﻣــﻦ أﻋﻠــﻰ دﻋﺎﻣــﺔ ﺳــ ور ﮫ اﻟﺒ ﻀــﺎء . ــﻞ اﻟﻬﻴ اﻷزرق ﻋﻠﻰﺷ ﻞ ﺣﺮف U ﻳﺤـﺮك اﻟﺘﻠﺴـ ﻮب إﻟـﻰ ﻣﻮﺿـﻊ ﻳ ﻤﻞ اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤ ﻤـﻞ اﻟﻜﺒـ اﻟـﺬ اﻟﺬ ﻣﺤﺪد ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﻗ ﺔ . ﺷﻬﺪت ﺎﻣ ا ﺎم د أول رﺻﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ 12 ﺳ ﺘﻤ 2012 وﺧﻼل أﻛ ﻣـﻦ 10 ﺳــﻨﻮات ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﺘﺸـــﻐﻴﻞﺳــﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﺸـــ ﻞ ﻛﺒـــ ﻓـــﻲﻣﺠــﺎل ﻋﻠـــﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـــﻚ . ﺻــﻤﻤﺖﺧﺼ ﺼـــﺎً ﻟﻤﺴـــﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـــﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤـــﺔ ﻋـــﺎﻣﻲ ـــﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠـــﻮم ﺑـــ أدارـــﮫ وزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗـــﺔ واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴـــﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨ اﻟـــﺬ 2013 و 2019 . ﺧـــﻼل ـﺎﻣ ا ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻔ ة، ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ـﺎم د ﻔﻬﺮﺳـ ـﺎرﺟـﺮمﺳـﻤﺎويﻣﻤـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻋﺪ ﻓـﻲ إﻧﺸـﺎء ﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﻘـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻠ أﻛ ﺧﺮﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق ﻟﺴﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ . [CTIO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/T. Matsopoulos] - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 6