Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2026 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE2026 ASTROPUBLISHING 35 ImagesofgalaxyNGC1637takenby NASA’sJamesWebbSpaceTelescope showedasingleredsupergiantstar locatedexactlywherethesupernova nowshines.Thisrepresentsthefirst publisheddetectionofasupernova progenitor by Webb. Theresultswerepublishedinthe As- trophysical Journal Letters . “We’vebeenwaitingforthistohap- pen–forasupernovatoexplodein agalaxythatWebbhadalreadyob- served. We combined Hubble and Webbdatasetstocompletelychar- acterizethisstarforthefirsttime,” saidleadauthorCharlieKilpatrickof Northwestern University. By carefully aligning Hubble and Webb images taken of NGC 1637, the team was able to identify the progenitor star in images taken by Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instru- ment) and NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) in 2024. They found that thestarappearedsurprisinglyred– anindicationthatitwassurrounded bydustthatblockedshorter,bluer wavelengths of light. “It’sthereddest,mostdustyredsu- pergiant that we’ve seen explode as a supernova,” said graduate student and co-author Aswin Suresh of Northwestern University. Thisexcessofdustcouldhelpex- plainalong-standingprobleminas- tronomythatcouldbedescribedas the case of the missing red super- giants.Astronomersexpectthemost massivestarsthatexplodeassuper- novas to also be the brightest and most luminous. So, they should be easytoidentifyinpre-supernovaim- ages.However,thathasn’tbeenthe case. One potential explanation is thatthemostmassiveagingstarsarealso the dustiest. If they’re surroundedby large quantities of dust, their light could be dimmed to the pointof undetectability. The Webb obser- vations of supernova 2025pht sup- port that hypothesis. “I’ve been arguing in favor of that interpretation, but even I didn’t ex- pecttoseeitasextremeasitwasfor supernova 2025pht. It would explain why these more massive supergiants are missing because they tend to be more dusty,” said Kilpatrick. The team was not only surprisedby the amount of dust, but also by itscomposition.Applyingcomputer models to the Webb observations indicatedthatthedustislikelycar- bon-rich, when astronomers would haveexpectedittobemoresilicate- rich.Theteamspeculatesthatthis carbonmighthavebeendredgedup from the star’s interior shortly be- fore it exploded. “Having observations in the mid-in- frared was key to constraining what kind of dust we were seeing,” said Suresh. Theteamnowisworkingtolookfor similarredsupergiantsthatmayex- plode as supernovas in the future. Observations by NASA’s upcoming NancyGraceRomanSpaceTelescope may help this search. Roman will havetheresolution,sensitivity,and infrared wavelength coverage to notonlyseethesestars,butalsopo- tentiallywitnesstheirvariabilityas they“burp”outlargequantitiesof dustneartheendoftheirlives.  2025pht ﻌﺮﻓﺔ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﻪ . ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ـﺎء اﺗﺨــﺬ ﻧﻬﺠ ـﺎً ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ـﺎ إذ ﻟﺠ ـﺄ إﱃ اﻷرﺷﻴﻔﺎت ﻣﺤﺎوﻻً اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺻﻮر ﻣـﺎ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي اﻧﻔ ﺠﺮ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وﻗـﺪ ﻧﺠﺤـﻮا ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ . ﻓﻘﺪ أﻇﻬﺮت ﺻﻮر ا ﺠـﺮة NGC 1637 اﻟﺘـﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻧﺠﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻼﻗًﺎ أﺣﻤﺮ ﻳﻘـﻊ ﺎً ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﰲ ا ﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺬ ي ﻳﺘـﻮﻫﺞ ﻓﻴـﻪ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ﺎً وﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه أول ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ رﺻـﺪ ﻣﻨﺸﻮرة ﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺴﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈﻢ ﺑﻮاﺳـ ﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ وﻗﺪ ﻧُﴩت اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ ﰲ ﻣﺠﻠـﺔ Astrophysical Journal Letters . ﻗـــﺎل ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 35 رﺳـﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴــﺔ . ﻗــﺎل ﺗﺸ ـﺎرﱄ ﻛﻴﻠﺒﺎﺗﺮﻳﻚ ا ﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧـﻮ رث »: وﺳﱰن ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺣﺪوث ذﻟـﻚ أن ﻳﻨﻔﺠـﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈـﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺠـﺮة ﺳـﺒﻖ أن رﺻـﺪﻫﺎ . ﻳﺐب و ﻮ ﺗﻠﺴﻜ ﻟﻘـﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﻨـﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ووﻳﺐ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﻷول . « ﻣ ـﺮة وﻣ ـﻦ ﺧ ـﻼل دﻣــﺞ دﻗﻴــﻖ ﻟﺼــﻮر ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﻲ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ و وﻳﺐ ا ﻠﺘﻘﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮة NGC 1637 ﺗﻤﻜ ﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺻﻮر اﻟﺘ ﻘﻄﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ أداﺗـﻲ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب : وﻳـﺐ ) ﻣـ ي أداة اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤــﺮاء ا ﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻧ ﻛﺎم و ( ) ﻛـﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ( ﰲ ﻋـﺎم 2024 ووﺟـﺪوا أن اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﺪا أﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﻤﺮار اً وﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﴍﻋـﲆ أﻧـﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺤﺎﻃ ﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺒﺎر اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺤﺠـﺐ اﻷﻃـﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻷﻗﴫواﻷﻛﺜﺮ زرﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻮء . ﻗﺎل أﺳﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮرﻳﺶ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻴـﺎ وا ﺆﻟﻒ ا ﺸﺎرك إ»: ﻧﻪ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﺣﻤﺮار اً وﻏﻨﻰً ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺪﻧﺎ اﻧﻔﺠﺎرﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈﻢ « . وﻗﺪ ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺗُﻌﺮف ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺔ " اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻘـﺔ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ا ﻔﻘﻮدة “ . إذ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ أن ﺗﻜـﻮن ا ﻔﻘﻮدة " إذ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ أن ﺗﻜـﻮن اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷﺿـﺨﻢ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺠـﺮ ﻛﻤﺴـﺘﻌﺮات ﻋﻈﻤﻰ ﻫﻲ أﻳﻀـ ﺎً اﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﺳـﻄﻮﻋ ﺎُ و ﻌﺎﻧـﺎً وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻞ رﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻮر ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر . إﻻ أن ﻫـﺬا ﻟـﻢ ﻳﻜـﻦ اﻟﺤـﺎل . وﻳﺘﻤﺜـﻞ أﺣـﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺴـ ات ا ﺤﺘﻤﻠـﺔ ﰲ أن اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﺿﺨﺎ ﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻠﻬﺎ ا ﺘـﺄﺧﺮة ﺗﻜـﻮن أﻳﻀـ ﺎً اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻏﻨـﻰً ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺒـﺎر . ﻓـﺈذا ﻛﺎ ﻧـﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻃـﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺒ ة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳُﺨﻔﺖ ﺿﻮؤﻫﺎ إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﻌﻪ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ وﺗﺪﻋﻢ أرﺻـﺎد ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈـﻢ 2025pht ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ . وﻗـﺎل ﻛﻴﻠﺒﺎ ﺗﺮﻳـﻚ :» ﻟﻘـﺪ داﻓﻌـﺖ ﻋـﻦ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺴ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ أﻧﺎ ﻟﻢ أﺗﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﻄﺮف ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﰲ 2025pht وﻫﺬا ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﴪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻏﻴـﺎب ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻘـﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘـﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻷ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ إﱃ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻏﺒـﺎر . «اً وﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺶ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﺑﻞ أﻳﻀ ﺎً ﻣـﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﻪ . ﻓﻘـﺪ أﻇﻬـﺮت اﻟﻨﻤـﺎذج اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ا ﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ أن اﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﰲ ﺣـ ﻛـﺎن ﻣﻦ ا ﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻏﻨﻰً ﺑﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت . وﻳﻘﱰح اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ اﻧﺪﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ د اﺧﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ وﻗﺖ ﻗﺼـ ﻣـﻦ اﻧﻔﺠﺎره . وﻗﺎل ﺳﻮرﻳﺶ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ »: اﻷرﺻـﺎد ﰲ ﻧﻄـﺎق اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ا ﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ ﺣﺎﺳـﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﻧـﻮع اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر اﻟـﺬ ي ﻛﻨـﺎ ﻧﺮﺻﺪه « . وﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻘـﺔ ﺣﻤـﺮاء ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻗـﺪ ﺗ ﻨﻔﺠـﺮ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮات ﻋﻈﻤـﻰ ﰲ ا ﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ و ﺗﺤﺴـ ﻧﻤﺎذﺟﻬﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼ ل دﻣـ ﺞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷﻃﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤـﺎ ﻳﺴـﻤﺢ ﺑﻔﻬـﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﺪ ور اﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ وﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ ا ﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ وﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ أرﺻﺎد ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻧﺎﻧـﴘ ﻏـﺮﻳﺲ روﻣﺎن اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﺎدم اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ إذ ﺳـﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺪﻗـﺔ وﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ وﺗﻐﻄﻴـﺔ و اﺳـﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻄـ ﺎق اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘـﻴﺢ ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻓﻘـﻂ رﺻـﺪ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺑـﻞ ورﺑﻤـﺎ ﺗﺘﺒّـﻊ ﺗﻐ اﺗﻬـﺎ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ " ﺗﻘﺬف" ﻛﻤﻴـﺎت ﻛﺒـ ة ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر وذﻟـﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ . اﻟﺼـــﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺴــــﺎ ﻘﺔ ﺗ: ﻈﻬــــﺮاﻟ ﺼــــﻮرة اﻟﺮ ﺴــــ ﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟ ﺴــﺎرﺻــﻮرة ﻣ ﺪﻣﺠــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮبﺟــ ﻤﺲ و ﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋ ﻲ وﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠـﺮة ـ اﻟــــــــ ﺤﻠﺰوﻧ ﺔ NGC 1637 ﺗ. ﻈﻬــــــــﺮاﻟﻠﻮﺣــــــــﺎت ﻋﻠـــــــــﻰ ﺻــــﻮرة ﻣﻔﺼــــ اﻟ ﻤــــ ﻠﺔ ﻟــــﻨ ﻢ ﻋﻤــــﻼق أ ﻤــــﺮ ﻗﺒـــــﻞ و ﻌـــــــﺪ اﻧﻔﺠـــــــﺎرﻩ . ــــــــ ﻗﺒـــــــﻞ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـــــــﺎر ﻟـــــــﻢ ﻜـــــــﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺎً ــــ ــــﺎن ﻣﺮ ﻟﺘﻠﺴــــ ﻮبﻫﺎﺑــــﻞ ﺑــــﻞ ﺎً ﻓﻘــــﻂ ﻟﺘﻠﺴــــ ﻮب . و ﺐ ﻈﻬﺮﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟ ﻘﺎ ﺎ اﻟﻤ ﻀﻴﺌﺔ [NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI,Charles Kilpatrick (Northwestern),Aswin Suresh (Northwestern); Imag Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)] اﺛﻨـــﺎن ﻳ ﻠــــﻎ ﻗﻄﺮﻫــــﺎ ﻣــــﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴــــ ﻮ ﺎت اﻟـــ 14 اً ﺳــــﻨﺘ ﻤ واﻟﻤﺴــــﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓــــﻲﻣﺸــــﺮوع اﻟﻤﺴــــﺢ اﻵﻟــــﻲ اﻟﺸــﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺴـــﻤﺎء ﺎً ﺑﺤﺜــ ﻋـــﻦ اﻟﻤﺴـــﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤــﻰ ) ASAS-SN ( ـــﺎدة وﻫـــﻮ ﻣﺸـــﺮوع ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮب آﻟـــﻲ ﻘ ـــﻞ ﻟ ﻠــﺔ ــﺔ أوﻫـــﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﺮﺻــﺪ اﻟﺴـــﻤﺎء ﺄ ﻤﻠﻬــﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌــﺔ وﻻ . ــﻮن ﺘ اﻟ ﻤﺸـــﺮوع ﻣــﻦ 20 ﺗ ﻠﺴـــ ﻮ ﺎً ــ ﺎً آﻟ ﻋـــﺔ ﻣﻮز ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌ ـﻟ ﺎً ﻤﻊ آﻻف اﻟﺼﻮر ﻞ ﻟ ﻠﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎف أﺟـﺮام أﺿـﻌﻒﺳـﻄﻮﻋ ﺎً ﻤـﺎ ﺼـﻞ إﻟـﻰ 50 أﻟﻒ اﻟ ﺸﺮ ﺔ رؤ ﺘﮫ ﻣﺮة ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻌ . [Wayne Rosing] - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 6