Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2026 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE2026 23 ebulaPMR1isacloudofgas and dust that bears anun- cannyresemblancetoabrain in a transparent skull, inspiring its nickname, the “Exposed Cranium” nebula. Webb captured its unusual features in both near- and mid-in- frared light. The nebula was first revealed in in- frared light by a predecessor to Webb, NASA’s now-retired Spitzer Space Telescope, more than a dec- ade ago. Webb’s advanced instru- mentsshowdetailthatenhances the nebula’s brain-like appearance. Thenebulaappearstohavedistinct regionsthatcapturedifferentpha- sesofitsevolution—anoutershell of gas that was blown off first and consistsmostlyofhydrogen,andan inner cloud with more structure that contains a mix of different gases. Both Webb’s NIRCam (Near- Infrared Camera) and MIRI (Mid-In- frared Instrument) show a dis- tinctive dark lane running vertically through the middle of the nebula thatdefinesitsbrain-likelookof left and right hemi- spheres. Webb’s resolu- tionshowsthatthis lane could be related to an outburst or outflow from the central star, whichtypicallyoccursas twin jets burst out in opposite directions. Evi- denceforthisisparticu- larly notable at the top of the nebula in Webb’s MIRI image, where it looks like the inner gasis being ejected out- ward. Whilethereisstillmuch to be understood about this nebula, it’sclear that it is being created byastarneartheend of its fuel-burning “life.” In theirend stages, stars expel their outer layers. It’s a dynamic and fairly fast process, in cosmic terms. Webb has captured a moment in this star’s de- cline. What ultimately happens will depend on the mass of the star, which is yet to be determined. If it’s massive enough, it will explode in a supernova. A less massive Sun-like star will continue to shed layersuntil only its core remains as adense white dwarf, which will cool offovereons.  23 ﻌـﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ PMR 1 ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎً ﻻﻓﺘﺎً ﻣﻊ دﻣﺎغ داﺧﻞ ﺟﻤﺠﻤـﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ أﻟﻬـﻢ ﺗﺴـﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺑــ » ﺳـﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤ ـﺔ ا ﻜﺸ ـﻮﻓﺔ « . اﻟ ـﺘﻘﻂ ﺗﻠﺴ ـﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳ ﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻼﻣﺤﻪ ﻏ ا ﻌﺘـﺎدة ﰲ ﻛﻞٍ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄـﺎﻗﻲ اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء اﻟﻘ ﺮﻳﺒﺔ وا ﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ . ﻟ ﻘﺪ ﻛُﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﰲ ﺿﻮء اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺳﺒﻴﺘﺰر اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ واﻟـﺬي أُﺣﻴﻞ إﱃ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً وذﻟﻚ ﻗﺒـﻞ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ أﺟﻬﺰة ﻬﺮ ﺗُﻈ. ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ا ﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺰز ﻣﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺰز ﻣﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺸـﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟـﺪﻣﺎغ . وﻳﺒــﺪو أن اﻟﺴـﺪﻳﻢ ﻳﺤﺘــﻮي ﻋـﲆ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻤﻴﺰة ﺗﻤﺜـﻞ ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻄﻮره؛ إذ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﴩة ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻢ ﻗــﺬﻓﻬﺎ أوﻻً وﺗﺘﻜــﻮن ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬــﺎ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ داﺧﻠﻴـﺔ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪاً ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة . ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ أداة ﻧ ﻛﺎم ) ﻛـﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ وأداة ( ) ﻣـ ي ﺟﻬـﺎز اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ا ﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ( ﻋـﲆ ﻣـﺘﻦ وﻳﺐ ﻋﻦ ﴍﻳﻂ ﻣﻈﻠﻢ ﻣﻤ ﻴﺰ ﻳﻤﺘـﺪ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳـﺎً ﻋﱪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ وﻫﻮ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻤﻨﺤـﻪ ﻣﻈﻬـﺮاً ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ اﻷﻳﴪ واﻷﻳﻤﻦ . وﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ اﻷﻳـ ﴪ ـ واﻷﻳﻤﻦ وﺗُﻈﻬﺮ دﻗﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ أن ﻫ ـ ﺬا اﻟ ﴩﻳﻂ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎً ﺑﺎﻧﻔﺠـﺎر أو ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮﻛﺰي وﻫﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮة ﺗﺤﺪث ﻋﺎدة ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺘ ﻣﺰدوﺟ ﺘ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻘﺎن ﰲ اﺗﺠﺎﻫ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴـ وﻳﻈﻬـﺮ اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋـﲆ ذﻟـﻚ ﺑﻮﺿـﻮح ﰲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺴـﺪﻳﻢ ﰲ ﺻﻮرة أداة ﻣـ ي ﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﺪو اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟـﺪاﺧﲇ وﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻳ ﻘﺬف إﱃ اﻟ . ﺨﺎرج ورﻏﻢ أن اﻟﻜﺜ ﻻ ﻳـﺰال ﻏـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺣﻮل ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻳﻘـﱰب ﻣ ـﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠ ـﺔ » اﺣـﱰاق اﻟﻮﻗـﻮد « . ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗـﻪ ﻓﻔﻲ ا ﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴـﺔ، ﺗﻘـﻮم ﻓﻔﻲ ا ﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘـ ﺋﻴﺔ ﻮم اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺑﻄ ﺮد ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴـﺔ وﴎ ﻳﻌﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً وﻓﻖ ا ﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ وﻗـﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻂ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ أﻓﻮل . ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺠﻢ أﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺤﺪث ﻻﺣﻘﺎً ﻓﻴ ﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﱪ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮ رﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة وﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﻟـﻢ ﺗﺤﺪد ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻛﺒ ة ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔـﻲ ﻓﺴﻮف ﻳﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﻛ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈﻢ أﻣـﺎ إذا ﻛـﺎن اﻟﻨﺠﻢ أﻗﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻏﺮار اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻓﺴﻴﻮاﺻﻞ ﻓﻘﺪان ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴﺎً ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﻮى ﻧﻮاﺗﻪ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺰم أﺑﻴﺾ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻳﱪد ﺑﺒﻂء ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪى دﻫﻮر ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ . ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ اﻟـﺪﻣﺎغ اﻷﻳﴪ واﻷﻳﻤﻦ . وﺗُﻈﻬﺮ دﻗﺔ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ أن - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 6 ﺗﻜﺸــــــﻒ أﺟﻬـــــــﺰة ﺗﻠﺴـــــــ ﻮب ــــــــــــــﺐ ﺟــــــــــــــ ﻤﺲو اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓـــــــــــــــﺎت اﻟــــــــ ﺨﻔ ﺔ داﺧـــــــﻞﺳـــــــﺪ ﻢ PMR1 ـ اﻟــــــ " ﻤ ﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺸــــــﻮﻓﺔ " ﻓــــــﻲ ﻫـــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻘﺎر ـــﺔ اﻟـــ ـ . ﺠﺎﻧﺒ ﺔ ﺗﺘــــﺄﻟﻖ ــﺔ أﻛـ ﻣــﻦ ﻧﺠـﻮم وﻣﺠـﺮاتﺧﻠﻔ ـﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ ـﺔ ﺧـﻼل رؤ ـ اﻟــ ـــﺔ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ــﺎم ) ﻧ ( ﺑ ﻨﻤـــﺎ ـــــﻮﻧﻲ ﺸـــــ ﻞ ـــــﺎراﻟ ﺘــــﻮﻫﺞ اﻟﻐ أﻛـــــــــــ وﺿــــــــــــﻮﺣًﺎ ﻓـــــــــــﻲ ﻧﻄــــــــــــﺎق اﻷﺷـــــــــــــــــــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـــــــــــــــــــﺖ اﻟـــــــــــــــــــ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟ ﺎﻣ ا .( ﻣ ي) [NASA,ESA, CSA, STScI; ImageProcessing:Joseph De-Pasquale (STScI)]