Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2025 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE2025 T 49 hisartist’sillustrationshowsthelargestradiojeteverfoundintheearly Universe. The jet was first identified using the international Low Fre- quencyArray(LOFAR)Telescope,anetworkofradiotelescopesthroughout Europe. Follow-up observations in the near-infrared with the Gemini Near- Infrared Spectrograph (GNIRS), and in the optical with the Hobby Eberly Telescope, were obtained to paint a complete picture of the radio jet and the quasar producing it. [NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/M. Garlick] in TheAstrophysicalJournalLetters . Determining the properties of the quasar,suchasitsmassandtherate at which it is consuming matter, is necessary for understanding its for- mationhistory.Tomeasurethesepa- rameters the team looked for a specific wavelength of light emitted by quasars known as the MgII (mag- nesium) broad emission line. Nor- mally, this signal appears in the ultraviolet wavelength range. How- ever, owing to the expansion of the Universe, which causes the light emitted by the quasar to be ‘stretched’ to longer wavelengths, the magnesium signal arrives atEarth in the near-infrared wave- length range, where it is detectable with GNIRS. Thequasar,namedJ1601+3102, formedwhentheUniversewasless than 1.2 billion years old — just 9% ofitscurrentage.Whilequasarscan havemassesbillionsoftimesgreater than that of our Sun, this one is on the small side, weighing in at 450 million times the mass of the Sun. Thedouble-sidedjetsareasymmet- ricalbothinbrightnessandthedis- tancetheystretchfromthequasar, indicatinganextremeenvironment may be affecting them. “Interestingly,thequasarpowering thismassiveradiojetdoesnothave anextremeblackholemasscom- paredtootherquasars,” says Gloudemans. “Thisseemstoindicate that you don’t necessarily need an exceptionallymassiveblackholeor fraredSpectrograph(GNIRS),andin the optical with the Hobby Eberly Telescope,wereobtainedtopainta complete picture of the radio jet and the quasar producing it. These findingsarecrucialtogainingmore insight into the timing and mecha- nisms behind the formation of the first large-scale jets in our Universe. GNIRS is mounted on the Gemini Northtelescope,onehalfoftheIn- ternationalGeminiObservatory, fundedinpartbytheU.S.National ScienceFoundation(NSF)andoper- ated by NSF NOIRlab. “We were searching for quasars with strong radio jets in the early Universe,whichhelpsusunderstand how and when the first jets are formed and how they impact the evolutionofgalaxies,” saysAnniek Gloudemans,postdoctoralresearch fellow at NOIRLab and lead author ofthepaperpresentingtheseresults accretion rate to generate such powerfuljetsintheearlyUniverse.” The previous dearth of large radio jets in the early Universe has been attributedtonoisefromthecosmic microwavebackground—theever- presentfogofmicrowaveradiation left over from the Big Bang. This persistent background radiation normally diminishes the radio light of such distant objects. “It’sonlybecausethisobjectissoex- ﻈﻬﺮ اﻟ ﻫﺬا ﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺨ ﻠﻲ أ ﺔﺜ ﻛ ﻧﻔ ﺔ رادﻳﻮ توُﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻮن اﻟﻤ ﻜـﺮ . ﺣُـﺪدت اﻟﻨﻔﺜـــ ﺔ ﻷول ﻣـــﺮ ة ﺎﺳــــﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻠﺴـــ ﻮب اﻟــــﺪوﻟﻲﻣـــﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟـــ دد ) LOFAR ( وﻫــــﻮ ﺷـــ ﻜﺔ ﻣــــﻦ ـــﺎ ـــﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸـــﺮة ﻓـــﻲ ﻤﻴـــﻊ أﻧﺤـــﺎء أورو اﻟﺘﻠﺴـــ ﻮ ﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ . ـــﺎت رﺻـــﺪ ﻻﺣﻘـــﺔ ﻓـــﻲ وأُﺟﺮ ـــﺖ ﻋﻤﻠ ﻣﺠـﺎل اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟــ ـ ﻟﻸﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟــ ــ ـﺎفﺟ ﻤ ـﺔ ﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻄ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ـ ــﺔ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ) GNIRS ( وﻓـــــﻲ اﻟﻤﺠـــــﺎل اﻟ ﺼـــــﺮي ﺎﺳـــــﺘﺨﺪا م ﺗﻠﺴـــــ ﻮب ﻫـــــﻮﺑﻲ إﻳ ﻟـــــﻲ ﻟﺮﺳـــــﻢﺻـــــﻮرة ﺎﻣﻠـــــﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔ ُﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺜﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﺔ واﻟ ﻮازاراﻟﺬ . ] NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/M. Garlick [ 49 ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ) ( ﺟﻴﻨﻴـﺎرس وﰲ ا ﺠﺎل اﻟﺒ ﴫي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫـﻮﺑﻲ إﻳﱪﱄ ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺻﻮرة ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﻜﻮازار ا ُﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻬﺎ . ﺗُﻌﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ اﻷﻫﻤﻴـﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺴـﺎب ﻓﻬــﻢ أﻋﻤــﻖ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴـﺖ وآﻟﻴـﺎت ﺗﻜـﻮّن أوﱃ اﻟﻨﻔﺜﺎت واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄـﺎق ﰲ ﻛﻮﻧﻨـﺎ . ﻳُﺮﻛّـﺐ ﻣﻄﻴﺎف اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ) ( ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎرس ﻋﲆ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﻮ رث اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺮﺻـﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲ اﻟﺪوﱄ ﺑﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ا ﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ وﻳُﺸﻐّﻠﻪ ﻣﺨﺘـﱪ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب . ﺗﻘﻮل آﻧﻴﻚ ﻏﻠﻮدﻣﺎﻧﺰ زﻣﻴﻠﺔ أﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ وﻳُﺸﻐّﻠﻪ ﻣﺨﺘـﱪ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب . ﺗﻘﻮل آﻧﻴﻚ ﻏﻠﻮدﻣﺎﻧﺰ زﻣﻴﻠﺔ أﺑﺤﺎث ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب وا ﺆﻟﻔﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﺒ ﺤﺜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮض ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﰲ دورﻳﺔ رﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ : " ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أﺷﺒﺎه اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ذات اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺎت ا ﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻳـﺔ ﰲ ﺑـﺪاﻳﺎت اﻟﻜـﻮن ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ وﺗﻮﻗﻴـﺖ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻔ ﺜـﺎت اﻷوﱃ وﺗﺄﺛ ﻫـﺎ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻄـﻮر ا ﺠ ". ﺮات ﻳُﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺼـﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻜـﻮازار ﻣﺜ ـﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺘ ـﻪ وﻣﻌ ـ ﺪل اﺳـﺘﻬﻼﻛﻪ ﻟﻠﻤ ـﺎدة ﴐورﻳًﺎ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ . ﻣﺜ ـﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺘ ـﻪ وﻣﻌ ـﺪل اﺳـﺘ ﻬﻼﻛﻪ ﻟﻠﻤ ـﺎدة ﴐورﻳًﺎ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ . ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﺤـﺚ اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﻋـﻦ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻣ ﺤـﺪد ﻟﻠﻀـﻮء ا ﻨﺒﻌـﺚ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻜـﻮازارا ﻳُﻌ ـﺮف ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ ﺧ ـﻂ اﻻ ﻧﺒﻌ ـﺎث اﻟﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮم . ﻋـﺎدةً ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﻫـﺬه اﻹﺷـﺎرة ﰲ ﻧﻄـﺎق اﻟﻄـﻮل ا ـﻮﺟﻲ ﻓـﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻧﻈـﺮاً ﻟﺘﻤـﺪد اﻟﻜـﻮن اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ " ﺗﻤﺪد " اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣـ ﻦ اﻟﻜﻮازار إﱃ أﻃـﻮال ﻣﻮﺟﻴـﺔ أﻃـﻮل ﺗﺼـﻞ إﺷﺎرة ا ﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮم إﱃ اﻷرضﰲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻄﻮل ا ﻮ ﺟﻲ ا ﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻄﻴـﺎف ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ . ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺸﻜّﻞ اﻟﻜﻮازار ا ﺴﻤﻰ J1601+3102 ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 1.2 ﻣﻠﻴـﺎر أي ﺳﻨﺔ 9 % ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮه اﻟﺤﺎﱄ ﰲ ﺣـ أن اﻟﻜ ـﻮازارات ﻗ ـﺪ ﺗﻜ ـﻮن ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬ ـﺎ أﻛ ـﱪ ﺑﻤﻠﻴﺎرات ا ﺮات ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﻮازار ﺻـﻐ اﻟﺤﺠـﻢ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳـﺰن 450 ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ اﻟﻨﻔ . ﺜﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧ ـﺐ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗ ـﺔ اﻟﻘﻴ ـﺎس ﻣ ـﻦ ﺣﻴ ـﺚ اﻟﺴﻄﻮع وا ﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤـﺪد ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺸ إﱃ أن ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ . ﻳ ﻘــﻮل ﻏﻠﻮدﻣــﺎﻧﺰ وﻫــﻮ أﺣــﺪ اﻟﺒــﺎﺣﺜ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴ ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎف " : ﻣـﻦ ا ﺜـ ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺸﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﻐﺮاب أن اﻟﻜﻮازارات اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﻐﺬي ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻔﺜﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ واﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﴬـورة ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺛﻘـﺐ أﺳـﻮد ﻫﺎﺋﻠـﺔ وﺿـﺨﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳ ـﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧ ـﺔً ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮازارات اﻷﺧﺮى اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺮﺑًﺎ، وﻳﺒـﺪو أن ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻳُﺸ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح إﱃ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺰم ﺑﺎﻟﴬورة وﺟﻮد ﺛﻘ ﺐ أﺳﻮد ﻓـﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣ ﺜﻞ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﻔ ﺜـﺎت اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﻓﺠﺮ اﻟﻜﻮن . ﻳُﻌﺰى اﻟﻨﻘﺺ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﰲ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻨﻔ ﺜـﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳـﺔ اﻟﻜﺒـ ة واﻟﻮاﺳـﻌﺔ إﱃ اﻟﺘـﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﻮي واﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ اﻟﺼـﺎدرة ﻋـﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ا ﻴﻜﺮوﻳﺔ ا ﻨﺘﴩـة ﰲ ﻛـﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن؛ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻀـﺒﺎب اﻟ ﻜـﻮﻧﻲ اﻟـﺪاﺋﻢ ﻣـﻦ إﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت ا ﻴﻜﺮووﻳﻒ ا ﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻟﺤﻈـﺔ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﺎدةً ﻣﺎ ﻳُﻘﻠـﻞ وﻳُﻀـﻌﻒ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺮادﻳﻮي اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ اﻟﻘﺎدم ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬه اﻷﺟﺮام اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﺟﺪ .اً ﻣﺎﻳﻮ - ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 5