Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2025 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE2025 Accordingtothenew,detailedanal- ysis,theindustrialcomplexwouldin- creaselightpollutionabovetheVLT, which is about 11 km from the planned INNA location, by at least 35% above the current artificial- lightbaselinelevels.Anotherofthe Paranalfacilities,ESO’sELT,would see the light pollution above it in- creasebyaminimumof5%.Thisin- creasealreadyrepresentsalevelof interferenceincompatiblewiththe conditions required for world-class astronomical observations. The impact on the skies above the CTAO-South, located just 5 km from INNA, would be the most significant, with light pollution going up by at least 55%. “With a brighter sky, we severely limit our ability to directly detect Earth-like exoplanets, ob- serve faint galaxies, and even moni- tor asteroids that could cause damagetoourplanet,” saysItziar de Gregorio-Monsalvo, ESO’s Repre- sentative in Chile. “We build the largest and most powerful tele- scopes,inthebestplaceonEarthfor astronomy, to enable astronomers worldwide to see what no one has ever seen before. Light pollution from projects like INNA doesn’t just hinderresearch,itstealsourshared view of the Universe.” Foritstechnicalanalysis,ateamof expertsledbyESODirectorofOper- ationsAndreasKauferjoinedforces with Martin Aubé, a world-leading expert on sky brightness at astro- nomical sites, to run simulations using the most advanced light-pol- lutionmodels.Asinput,thesimula- tions used publicly available infor- mation provided by AES Andes whensubmittingtheprojectforen- vironmental assessment, which states the complex will be illumi- nated by over 1000 light sources. “Thelight-pollutionfiguresweare reporting assume that the project will install the most modern avail- able luminaries in a way that min- imiseslightpollution.However,we areconcernedthattheinventoryof light sources planned by AES is not complete and fit for purpose. In thatcase,ouralreadyalarmingre- sults would underestimate the po- tential impact of the INNA project on the Paranal sky brightness,” Kaufer explains. He adds that the calculationsassumeclear-skycondi- tions. “We would get even worse light pollution if we considered cloudy skies,” he says. “While Paranal is cloud-free most of the year, many astronomical observa- tions can still be performed when therearethincirrusclouds—andin this case the light-pollution effect is amplified since nearby artificial lightsstronglyreflectofftheclouds.” وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ وا ﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﺈن ا ﺠﻤـﻊ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺳﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻠـﻮث اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻓـﻮق اﻟ ﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪاً واﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺣﻮاﱄ 11 ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ ﻣــﴩوع INNA ا ﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ 35 % ﻋـﲆ اﻷﻗـﻞ ﻓـﻮق ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺧﻂ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻟﻠﻀﻮء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻣﻦ ا ﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﻣ ﺮﻓـﻖ آﺧـﺮ ﻣﻦ ا ﺮاﻓﻖ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻌﻤﻼق اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ زﻳﺎدة ﰲ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻀﻮء ﻓﻮﻗﻪ ﺑﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘـﻞ ﻋﻦ 5% وﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻋﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣـﻊ اﻟﻈـﺮوف ا ﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻹﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت رﺻﺪ ﻓﻠﻜﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻄﺮاز اﻟﻌﺎ ﻲ . إن اﻟﺘﺄﺛ ﻋـﲆ ﺳـﻤﺎء ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﻣﺼـﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮ ﺑﺎت ﺗﺸـ ﻳﻨﻜﻮف ا ﻮﻗـﻊ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ 5 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰات ﻓﻘ ﻂ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﴩوع INNA ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻫﻮ اﻷ ﻛﺜـﺮ ﺗـﺄﺛ اً ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳ ﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ 55 % . ﻋﲆ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻳﻘـﻮل إﻳﺘﺰﻳـﺎر دي ﺟﺮﻳﺠﻮرﻳـﻮ ـــــ ﻣﻮﻧﺴﺎﻟﻔﻮ ﻣﻤﺜﻞ ا ﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ : " ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻤﺎء أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺳـﻄﻮﻋﺎً ﻧُﻘﻴّـﺪ ﺑﺸﺪة ﻗـﺪرﺗﻨﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻜﺸـﻒ ا ﺒـﺎﴍ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻷرض ورﺻـﺪ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘﺔ وﺣﺘﻰ رﺻـﺪ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒـﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗُﻠﺤﻖ اﻟﴬر ﺑﻜﻮﻛﺒﻨﺎ ." : " ﻴﻒ ﻳﻀ ﻧﺒﻨﻲ أﻛﱪ وأﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﰲ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻋﲆ اﻷرض ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻟﺘﻤﻜ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ رؤﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮه أﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ . إن اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ INNA ﻻ ﻳُﻌﻴﻖ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﺤﺴـﺐ ﺑـﻞ ﻳُﺸـﻮّه أﻳﻀًـﺎ رؤﻳﺘﻨـﺎ ا ﺸـ ﱰﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻜـﻮن ." ﻹﺟـﺮاء ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺗﻌﺎون ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﱪاء ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة أﻧﺪرﻳﺎس ﻛﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﰲ ا ﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷور وﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎرﺗﻦ أوﺑﻲ اﻟﺨﺒـ اﻟﻌﺎ ﻲ اﻟﺮاﺋﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﺳـﻄﻮع اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء ﰲ ا ﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻹﺟـﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﻣﺤﺎﻛـﺎة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺣﺪث ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻀﻮء . ﻛﻤـﺪﺧﻼت اﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ا ﺤﺎﻛـﺎة ـــــ ا ﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ا ﺘﺎﺣـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗـﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﴍﻛﺔ AES Andes ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘـﺪﻳﻢ ا ـ ـ ﴩوع ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﲆ أن ا ﺠﻤـﻊ ﺳﻴُﻀﺎء ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 1000 ﻣﺼﺪر ﺿﻮء . ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻮﻓﺮ ﻗﺎﺋﻼً " : ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ أرﻗـﺎم ﺗﻠـﻮث اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﲆ اﻓﱰاض أن ا ـ ـ ﴩوع ﺳـﻴﻘﻮم ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺐ أﺣـﺪث وﺣـﺪات اﻹﺿـﺎءة ا ﺘﺎﺣـﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳ ﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻀﻮء واﻛﻦ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﻗﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ أن ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺼـﺎدر اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻟﻴﺴـﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺮض وﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻨـﺎ ا ﻘﻠﻘﺔ ﺳﺘﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﺘـﺄﺛ ا ﺤﺘﻤـﻞ ﻟﻠـﻤﴩوع ﻋﲆ ﺳﻄﻮع ﺳﻤﺎء ﺑﺎراﻧﺎل . ﺗﻔﱰض اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻇﺮوف ﺳـﻤﺎء ﺻـﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻠـﻮث اﻟﻀـﻮﺋﻲ أﺳـﻮأ إذا أﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﰲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒ ﺎر اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء ا ﻠﺒـﺪة ﺑـﺎﻟﻐﻴﻮم ﻌﲆﻓ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ أن ﺳـﻤﺎء ﺑﺎراﻧـﺎل ﻏﺎﻟﺒـ ﺎ ﺻﺎﻓﻴﺔ م اﻟﻌﺎ ﻃﻮال وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ إ ﺟﺮاء رﺻـﺪ ﻓﻠﻜﻲ ﰲ وﺟﻮد ﺳﺤﺐ رﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺗﺄﺛ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻷ ن اﻷﺿـﻮاء اﻻﺻـﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗ ﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﻘﻮة ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ . ﻣﺎﻳﻮ - ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 5 اﻟﺘﻘﻄــﺖ ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼــﻮرة اﻟﻼﻓﺘــﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈــﺮﻟﻬــﺬا اﻷﺳــﺒﻮع ﻣــﻦ ﻣﺮﺻــﺪ ﺎراﻧــﺎل اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻــﺪ اﻷوروﺑــﻲ اﻟــ ـ . ﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻘــﻊ ﻫــﺬا اﻟﻤﺮﺻــﺪ ﻀــﻢ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮب ﺎراﻧــﺎل اﻟــﺬ اﻟﻌﻤﻼق ﻔﺨﺮﻋﻠﻰﻗﻤﺔ ﺳ و ﺎراﻧﺎل ﻳ ﻠﻎ ارﻔﺎﻋﮫ اﻟﺬ 2635 ﻣ ًا ﻓﻲﺻﺤﺮاء أﺗﺎ ﺎﻣﺎ ﺷـﻤﺎل ﺗﺸـ ﻠ . ﻲ ﺗﻈﻬـﺮﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮ ﺎت اﻟﻮﺣـﺪات اﻷرـﻊ اﻟﺘﺎ ﻌـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴـ ﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪًا، ﻓـﻲ ـﺔ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـﻮرة اﻟ ﺎﻧﻮراﻣ ﻤـ أﻣـﺎم اﻻ ﻣﺘـﺪاد اﻟﻬﺎﺋـﻞ ﻟﻤﺠـﺮة در ـﺪو ﻛﻘـﻮسﻗـﺰح ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﻣﻘﻮﺳـﺎً ﻳ اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧـﺔ واﻟـﺬ ﻓـﻮق اﻟﻤﻮﻗـﻊ . ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﺗﻈﻬـﺮأ ﻀـ ﺎً اﻟﺘﻠﺴــ ﻮ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻋﺪة اﻷرﻌـﺔ اﻷﺻـﻐﺮﺣ ﻤـ . ﺎً ﺴـﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﺗ ﻮ ﻨـﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـ ﻮ ﺎت ﻤﻜـﻦ ﺗﺤﺮ ﻬـﺎ واﻟـ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰﻣﻨﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴ ﻮب . [ESO/P. Horálek]