Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2025 ARABIC VERSION

heselightcurvesshowthechangeinbrightnessofthreedifferentsetsofwavelengths(colors)ofnear-infraredlightcomingfromtheisolatedplane- tary- massobjectSIMP0136asitrotated.ThelightwascapturedbyWebb’sNIRSpec(Near-InfraredSpectrograph),whichcollectedatotalof5,726 spectra—oneevery1.8seconds—overthecourseofabout3hoursonJuly23,2023.(SIMP0136completesonerotationevery2.4hours.)Bycomparing theselightcurvestomodels,researcherswereabletoshowthateachsetofwavelengthsprobesdifferentdepths(pressures)intheatmosphere.The curveshowninredtracksthebrightnessof0.9-to1.4-micronlightthoughttooriginatedeepintheatmosphereatapressureofabout10bars(about10 timestheairpressureatsealevelonEarth),withincloudsmadeofironparticles.Thecurveshowninyellowtracksthebrightnessof1.4-to2.3-micron lightfromapressureofabout1barwithinhighercloudsmadeoftinygrainsofsilicateminerals.Thevariationsinbrightnessshownbythesetwocurves isrelatedtopatchinessofthecloudlayers,whichemitsomewavelengthsoflightandabsorbothers.Thecurveshowninbluetracksthebrightnessof 3.3-to3.6- micronlightthatoriginateshighabovethecloudsatapressureofabout0.1bars.Changesinbrightnessofthesewavelengthsarerelatedto variations in temperature around the object. Bright “hot spots” could be related to auroras that have been detected at radio wavelengths, or to up- welling of hot gas from deeper in the atmosphere. The differences in shape of these three light curves show that there are complex variations in SIMP 0136’s atmosphere with depth as well as longitude. If the atmosphere varied around the object in the same way at all depths, the light curves would have similar patterns. If it varied with depth, but not longitude, the light curves would be straight, flat lines. Note that this graph shows the relative change in brightness for each given set of wavelengths over time, not the difference in absolute brightness between the different sets. At any given time,thereismorelightcomingfromthedeepatmosphere(lightcurveinred)thanfromtheupperatmosphere(lightcurveinblue).Thediagramatthe rightillustratesthepossiblestructureofSIMP0136’satmosphere,withthecoloredarrowsrepresentingthesamewavelengthsoflightshowninthelight curves.Thickarrowsrepresentmore(brighter)light;thinarrowsrepresentless(dimmer)light.[NASA,ESA,CSA,JosephOlmsted(STScI)] ness variations. “Imagine watching Earth from far away. If you were to look at each color separately, you wouldseedifferentpatternsthattell you something about its surface and atmosphere, even if you couldn’t make out the individual features,” explained co-author Philip Muir- head, also from Boston University. “Blue would increase as oceans ro- tate into view. Changes in brownand green would tell you something about soil and vegetation.” Tofigureoutwhatcouldbecausing the variability on SIMP 0136, the team used atmospheric models to showwhereintheatmosphereeach avelengthoflightwasoriginating. “Differentwavelengthsprovidein- formation about different depths in the atmosphere,” explained Mc- Carthy. “Westartedtorealizethat the wavelengths that had the most similar light-curve shapes also probed the same depths, which re- inforced this idea that they must be caused by the same mechanism.” One group of wavelengths, for ex- ample,originatesdeepintheatmos- phere where there could be patchy clouds made of iron particles. A sec- ondgroupcomesfromhigher clouds thought to be made of tinygrains of silicate minerals. The vari- ations in both of these light curves arerelatedtopatchinessofthecloud layers. A third group of wavelengths origi- nates at very high altitude, farabovetheclouds,andseemstotrack temperature. Bright “hot spots” could be related to auroras thatwere previously detected at radio wavelengths,ortoupwellingofhot gas from deeper in the atmosphere. Some of the light curves cannot be explained by either clouds or tem- perature,butinsteadshowvaria- tions related to atmospheric carbon chemistry.Therecouldbepocketsof carbon monoxide and carbon diox- ide rotating in and out of view, orchemical reactions causing the at- mospheretochangeovertime. “We haven’t really figured out the chemistry part of the puzzle yet,” said Vos. “But these results are re- ally exciting because they are show- ing us that the abundances of mol- eculeslikemethaneandcarbondioxide could change from place to place and over time. If we are look- ingatanexoplanetandcanget only one measurement, we need to consider that it might not be repre- sentativeoftheentireplanet.”    MAY-JUNE2025 ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ــﺔ ـﺎت اﻟﻀــﻮﺋ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻐـ ﻓـﻲﺳــﻄﻮع ﺛـﻼث ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋــﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻷﻃـﻮال اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨ ) اﻷﻟـﻮان ( ﻟﻀـﻮء اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟــ ـ ـﺔ اﻟﻘـﺎدم ﻣـﻦ اﻟــ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ـﺠﺮم اﻟﻤﻌــﺰول ـﻮﻛ اﻟ SIMP0136 أﺛﻨﺎء د وراﻧﮫ ﺴﺘﻐﺮق اﻟﺬ 2.4 ﺳﺎﻋﺔ وﻗﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻄ ﺎف اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ﺔ ﻧ ﺎم ) ( اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﻠﺴ ﻮب و ﺐ ﻤـﻊ ﻣـﺎ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋـﮫ واﻟـﺬ 5726 ﻃ ﻔًـﺎ - ـــﻞ ﻃ ﻔًـــﺎ واﺣـــﺪًا 1.8 ـــﺔ ﺛﺎﻧ - ﻋﻠـــﻰ ﻣـــﺪارﺣـــﻮاﻟﻲ 3 ﺳـــﺎﻋﺎت ﻓـــﻲ 23 ﻳﻮﻟﻴـــﻮ 2023 . ﻤﻘﺎر ـــﺔ ـــﺎت اﻟﻀـــﻮﺋ ﺔ ﺎﻟﻨﻤـــﺎذج ﻫـــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨ ـــﺎﺣﺜ اﺳـــﺘﻨﺘﺞ اﻟ ـــﻞ ﻧﻄـــﺎق ﻣـــﻮﺟﻲ ﺴﺘﻜﺸـــﻒ أﻋﻤﺎﻗـــ ﻮن أن ﺎ ) ( ﺿـﻐﻮﻃًﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ا ﻟﻐــﻼف اﻟـ ـ . ﺠﻮي اﻷ ﻤـﺮﺳـﻄﻮع اﻟﻀـﻮء ﺑـ ﺘﺘﺒـﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺤــ 0.9 و 1.4 ﻣ ﻜـﺮون ُﻌﺘﻘـﺪ أﻧــﮫ ﻨﺸـﺄ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻄ ﻘــﺎت اﻟﻌﻤ ﻘـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟــ واﻟـﺬ ـ ﺠﻮيﻋﻨـﺪ ﺿـﻐﻂ ﻳ ﻠــﻎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ 10 ﻧﺤﻮ )ﺎر 10 أﺿﻌﺎفﺿﻐﻂﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ( ـﺔ داﺧـﻞﺳـﺤﺐ ُﻌﺘﻘـﺪ أﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣ ﻮﻧـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺰ ﺌـﺎتﺣﺪ ﺪ . اﻷﺻـﻔﺮﻓ ﺘﺘﺒـﻊﺳـﻄﻮع أﻣـﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺤـ اﻟﻀـﻮء ﺑـ 1.4 و 2.3 ﻣ ﻜـﺮون ﻣـﻦ ﺿـﻐﻂ ﻳ ﻠـﻎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺎرواﺣﺪ داﺧﻞﺳﺤﺐ ﻋﻠ ﺎ ﻣ ﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺒﻴ ﺎت دﻗ ﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدن اﻟﺴ ﻠﻴ ﺎت ﺗﺼﺪروﺗﻤﺘﺺ أﻃﻮاﻻً ﻣﻮﺟ ﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ وﺗﻌﻜﺲ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲﺳﻄﻮﻋﮫ ﺗﻔﺎوتﻃ ﻘﺎت اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟ اﻟﻀﻮء . اﻷزرق و ﺘﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺤ ﺳﻄﻮع اﻟﻀﻮء ﺑ 3.3 و 3.6 وا ﻣ ﻜﺮون ﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻲﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺿـﻐﻂ ﻳ ﻠـﻎ ﺣـﻮاﻟﻲ ﻟﺬ ٠.١ ـﺎر، وﺗـﺮ ﻂ اﻟﺘﻐـ ات ﻓـﻲﺳـﻄﻮﻋﮫ ﺎﺧﺘﻼﻓـﺎت ـﺮارة ﺣـﻮل ا ﺴـﻢ درﺟـﺔ ا . ـﻮن وﻗـﺪ ﺗ " اﻟ ﻘــﻊ اﻟﺴـﺎﺧﻨﺔ " اﻟﺴـﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻣﺮ ﻄــﺔ ﺎﻟﺸـﻔﻖ اﻟﻘﻄـ اﻟﻤﺮﺻــﻮد ﻋﻨـﺪ أﻃـﻮا ـﺔ ــﺔ رادﻳﻮ ل ﻣﻮﺟ أو ﻧﺎﺗﺠـﺔ ﻋــﻦ ﺗﺼـﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻐـﺎز اﻟﺴـﺎﺧﻦ ﻣـﻦ أﻋﻤـﺎق اﻟﻐــﻼف ــ ا . ﻮي ــﺎت اﻟﻀــﻮﺋ ﺔ إﻟــﻰ ﺗﻐــ ﻣﻮﺣــﺪ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻐــﻼف اﻟــ ﺗﺸــ اﻷﻧﻤــﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﺸــﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨ ـ ﺠﻮي ﻣــﻊ اﻟﻌﻤـﻖ ﺑ ﻨﻤـﺎ ﺗــﺪل اﻟــ ـ ﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻤﺴــﺘﻘ ﻤﺔ واﻟﻤﺴــﻄﺤﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺗﻐــ ﻣــﻊ اﻟﻌﻤــﻖ ﻓﻘــﻂدون اﺧـﺘﻼفﻓـﻲﺧﻄـﻮط اﻟﻄـﻮل . ﻓـ ـﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺘﻐــ اﻟﻨﺴـ ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺮﺳـﻢ اﻟﺒ ـﻞ ﻧﻄـﺎق ﻣـﻮﺟﻲ ﻤـﺮوراﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﻲﺳـﻄﻮع وﻟــ ﺲ اﻟﺴـﻄﻮع اﻟﻤ اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗـﺎت ﻄﻠـﻖ ﺑـ ـﻮن اﻟﻀـﻮء اﻟﻘـﺎدم ﻣــﻦ ـﺚ ﻳ ﺣ اﻟﻐــﻼف اﻟــ ـ ﺠﻮي اﻟﻌﻤﻴـﻖ ) اﻷ ﻤــﺮ ( أﻛــ ﺳـﻄﻮﻋًﺎ داﺋﻤًــﺎ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻀـﻮء اﻟﻘــﺎدم ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻐــﻼف اﻟــ ـ ﺠﻮي اﻟﻌﻠــﻮي اﻷزرق ) .( ــﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠــﺔ ﻟﻠﻐــﻼف اﻟــ اﻟ ﻨ ﻳﻮﺿــﺢ اﻟﺮﺳـﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﻄ ﻄــﻲﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟ ﻤـ ـ ﺠﻮي ﻟـــ SIMP0136 ـﺚ ﺗﻤﺜـﻞ اﻷﺳـﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧـﺔ ﻧﻔــﺲ أﻃـﻮال اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﺎت ﺣ ـﺎت اﻟﻀـﻮﺋ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿـﺤﺔ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨ . اﻷﺳـﻬﻢ اﻟﺴـﻤ ﻜﺔ ﺗﻤﺜــﻞ ﺿـﻮءًا أﻛـ ﺳـﻄﻮﻋًﺎ ﺑ ﻨﻤـﺎ اﻷﺳـﻬﻢ اﻟﺮﻓ ﻌـﺔ ﺗﻤﺜــﻞ ﺿـﻮءًا أﻗــﻞ . ﺳﻄﻮﻋًﺎ [NASA, ESA, CSA, Joseph Olmsted (STScI)] ﺗﺨﻴﻞ أﻧﻚ ﺗﺸﺎﻫﺪ اﻷرضﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ إذا ﻧﻈﺮت إﱃ ﻛـﻞ ﻟـﻮن ﻋـﲆ ﺣـ ﺪة ﻓﺴــﱰى أﻧﻤﺎﻃًـﺎً ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗُﺨ ﱪك ﺑﴚء ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ وﻏﻼﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻮي ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻟـﻮ ﻟـ ﻢ ﺗـﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴـﺰ ﺳﻤﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ أو " ﺿﺢ ا ﺆﻟـﻒ ا ﺸـﺎرك ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺐ ﻣﻮﻳﺮﻫﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﻦ أﻳﻀًـﺎً ﺳﻴﺰداد " اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷزرق ﻣﻊ دوران ا ﺤﻴﻄﺎت ﺳﺘﺨﱪك اﻟﺘﻐ ات ﰲ اﻟﻠﻮﻧ اﻟﺒﻨﻲ وا ﻷﺧﴬ ﺑﴚء ﻋﻦ اﻟﱰﺑﺔ واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت . ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻗـﺪ ﻳُﻔـ ـ ﴪ اﻟﺘﺒـﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ اﻟﺠـﺮم اﻟﺴـﻤﺎوي SIMP 0136 اﺳـﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺟﻮﻳﺔ ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﻜﺎن ﻧﺸﺄة ﻛﻞ ﻃـﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﰲ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي وأوﺿـﺢ : " ﻣﻜﺎرﺛﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻷﻃﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴـﺔ ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل أﻋﻤﺎق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي . ﺑﺪأﻧﺎ ﻧﺪرك أن اﻷﻃﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻬ ﻗﺪ ﺎً اﺳﺘﻜﺸﻔﺖ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎق ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻋـﺰز ﻓﻜﺮة أﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻧﻔـﺲ اﻵﻟﻴﺔ ". ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜﺎل، ﺗﻨﺸـﺄ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻓﻜﺮ ة أﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻧﻔـﺲ اﻵﻟﻴﺔ ". ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜﺎل ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ أﻋﻤﺎق اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﺤ ﺐ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ وﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻷﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳُﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت دﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻌـﺎدن اﻟ . ﺴـﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﺗﺮﺗﺒ ﻂ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﻲ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺘﻔﺎوت ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺴﺤﺐ . ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃـﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴـﺔ ﻋﲆ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺟـﺪاً ﻓـﻮق اﻟﺴـﺤﺐ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﻴﺪة وﻳﺒﺪو أﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﺘﺒـﻊ درﺟـﺔ اﻟﺤـﺮارة ﻗ ـﺪ ﺗﻜ ـﻮن " اﻟﺒﻘ ـﻊ اﻟﺴـﺎﺧﻨﺔ " اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻔﻖ اﻟﻘﻄﺒـﻲ اﻟـﺬي رُﺻﺪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ أﻃﻮال ﻣ ﻮﺟﻴﺔ رادﻳﻮﻳـﺔ أو ﺑﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻣـﻦ أﻋﻤـﺎق اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي . ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎ ت اﻟﻀﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻴﻮم أو درﺟـﺔ اﻟﺤـﺮارة وﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﰲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي . ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺟﻴﻮب ﻣـﻦ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎء اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن ا ﻌﻘﺪة ﰲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي . ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜـﻮن ﻫﻨـﺎك ﺟﻴـﻮب ﻣـﻦ أول أﻛﺴـﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن وﺛـﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮ ﺑﻮن ﺗﺪور داﺧﻞ وﺧﺎرج ﻣﺠـﺎل اﻟﺮؤﻳ ـﺔ أو ﺗﻔـﺎﻋﻼت ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ـﺔ ﻣﺴـﺘﻤﺮة ﺗُﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﻤـﺮور اﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ . ﻗـﺎل ﻓـﻮس " : ﻟـﻢ ﻧﻜﺘﺸـﻒ ﺑﻌـﺪ اﻟﺠﺎﻧـﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺣﻘًﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ أن وﻓﺮة ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻣﺜ ﻞ ا ﻴﺜﺎن وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴـﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن إﱃ آﺧـﺮ وﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ . إذا ﻛﻨـﺎ ﻧﻨﻈــﺮ إﱃ ﻛﻮﻛــﺐ ﻧﺠﻤـﻲ ﺧــﺎرج ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ و ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﻗﻴ ـﺎس واﺣـﺪ ﻓﻘ ـﻂ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻨ ـﺎ أن ﻧﻀـﻊ ﰲ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻧﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻗـﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜـﻮن ﻣُﻤـﺜﻼً ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷوﻗﺎت . ﻣﺎﻳﻮ - ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 5