Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2025 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE2025 years old, the Universe was still too young to have galaxies ripe with heavy elements. However, the two ALMAstudiesindicateJADES-GS-z14- 0 has about 10 times more heavy el- ements than expected. “Iwasastonishedbytheunexpected resultsbecausetheyopenedanew view on the first phases of galaxy evolution,” says Stefano Carniani, of theScuolaNormaleSuperioreofPisa, Italy,andleadauthoronthepaper acceptedforpublicationin Astron- omy&Astrophysics . “Theevidence that a galaxy is already mature in theinfantUniverseraisesquestions about when and how galaxies formed.” Theoxygendetectionhas also allowed astronomers to make their distance measurements to JADES-GS-z14-0muchmoreaccurate. “TheALMAdetectionoffersanex- traordinarilyprecisemeasurementof thegalaxy’sdistancedowntoanun- certainty of just 0.005 percent. This levelofprecision—analogousto being accurate within 5 cm over a distanceof1km—helpsrefineour understandingofdistantgalaxy properties,” addsEleonoraParlanti, aPhDstudentattheScuolaNormale SuperioreofPisaandauthoronthe Astronomy & Astrophysics study. “Whilethegalaxywasoriginallydis- coveredwiththeJamesWebbSpace Telescope,ittookALMAtoconfirm andpreciselydetermineitsenormous distance,” saysAssociateProfessor RychardBouwens,amemberofthe team at Leiden Observatory. “This showstheamazingsynergybe- tweenALMAandJWSTtorevealthe formationandevolutionofthefirst galaxies.” Gergö Popping, an ESO astronomer at the European ALMA Regional Centre who did not take partinthestudies,says: “Iwasreally surprisedbythiscleardetectionof oxygeninJADES-GS-z14-0.Itsug- gests galaxies can form more rapidly after the Big Bang than had pre- viouslybeenthought.Thisresult showcasestheimportantroleALMA plays in unraveling the conditions underwhichthefirstgalaxiesinour Universeformed.”  ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼــﻮرة اﻟﻤﺠــﺮة JADES-GS- z14-0 وﻫــﻲ أ اﻵن ﻌــﺪ ﻣﺠــﺮة ﻣﻌﺮوﻓــﺔ ﺣـــ ﻤــــــــﺎ رُﺻـــــــــﺪت ﺎﺳـــــــــﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼـــــــــﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺗﺎ ﺎﻣـــــــــﺎ اﻟﻜﺒـــــ ة ﻟﻠﻤﻠ ﻤـــــ / دون اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤـــــ ـــــﺎ ) أﻟ ﻧــــــﺘﺞ (. ﻫــــــﺬان اﻟﻄ ﻔــــــﺎن اﻟﻤﻮﺿــــــﺤﺎن ﻫﻨــــــﺎ ﻋــــــﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴــــــﻞ ﻣﺴــــﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﺒ ﺎﻧــــﺎت أﻟﻤــــﺎ ــــﺎن أﺟــــﺮاﻩ ﻓﺮ ﻘــــﺎن ﻓﻠﻜ وﻗــﺪ اﻛﺘﺸـﻒ ﻼﻫﻤــﺎ ﺧــﻂ اﻧ ﻌــﺎث اﻷﻛﺴــﺠ ﻣﻤـــــﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠـــــﮫ أ ﻌـــــﺪ اﻛﺘﺸـــــﺎف ﻟﻸﻛﺴـــــﺠ ﻓـــــﻲ ﻮن ﻳ ﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻩ 300 ﻣﻠﻴﻮنﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ . [ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/S. Carni- anietal./S.Schouwsetal/JWST: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Brant Robertson (UC Santa Cruz), Ben Johnson(CfA), SandroTacchella(Cambridge),PhillCa rgile(CfA)] 35 ﻳﻘﻮل ﺳـﺎﻧﺪر ﺷـﻮز ﻣﺮﺷـﺢ اﻟـﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻻﻳﺪن ﺑﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪا وا ﺆﻟﻒ اﻷول ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗُﺒﻠـﺖ ﻟﻠﻨـ ـ ﴩﰲ ﻣﺠﻠـﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ " : ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺮ اﻫﻖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ وﺟـﻮد أﻃﻔـﺎل ." ﻳﻀـﻴﻒ " : ﺗُﻈﻬـﺮ اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ أن ا ﺠـﺮة ﻗــﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻠ ـﺖ ﺑـ ﴪﻋﺔ ﻛﺒـ ة وﻧﻀـﺠﺖ أﻳﻀـﺎً ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ إﱃ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳـﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻷدﻟﺔ ﺗﺸ إﱃ أن ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ا ﺠﺮات ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑـﻮﺗ ة أﴎع ﺑﻜﺜ ـ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻛـﺎن ﻳُﺘﺼـﻮر ". ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﺗﺒﺪأ ا ﺠﺮات ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬ ﺎ ﻋـﺎدةً وﻫـﻲ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﰲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻋ ﻨﺎﴏ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻬﺪروﺟ واﻟﻬﻴﻠﻴﻮم وﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻓ ﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗُﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺎﴏ أﺛﻘﻞ ﻛﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﴩ ﰲ أرﺟﺎء ﻣﺠ ﺮﺗﻬﺎ اﻷم ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ دورة ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ وﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻳ ﻌﺘﻘﺪون أﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺮ 300 ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜ ﻮن ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﰲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻠﻪ ا ﺒﻜﺮة ﺟﺪ اً ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺠـﺮات ﻏﻨﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ . وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ، ﺗﺸ دراﺳﺘﺎ ALMA إﱃ اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺸ دراﺳﺘﺎ إﱃ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ أ ﺎ ﺮة ﺠا نأ JADES-GS-z14-0 ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻋﻨﺎﴏ أﺛﻘﻞ ﺑ ـ ﻌﴩة أﺿﻌﺎف ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﺎً ﺎ ﻣﻤـ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌ ."ﺎً ﻳﻘـﻮل ﺳـﺘﻴﻔﺎﻧﻮ ﻛﺎرﻧﻴـﺎﻧﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺪرﺳــ ﺔ ﺳﻜﻮﻻ ﻧﻮرﻣﺎل ﺳﻮﺑ ﻳﻮر ﰲ ﺑﻴﺰا ﺑ ﺈﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴـﺎ وا ﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘ ﻟﻠﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴـﺔ ا ﻘﺒﻮﻟـﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﴩ ﻓ ـ ﻲ ﻣﺠﻠـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ " : ﻟﻘـﺪ أدﻫﺸـﺘﻨﻲ اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋ ﺞ ﻏـ ا ﺘﻮﻗﻌ ـﺔ ﻷﻧﻬــﺎ ﻓﺘﺤــﺖ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر اً اً ﺟﺪﻳــﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻷوﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮر ا ." ﺠﺮات ﻳﻀﻴﻒ " : إن اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﲆ أن ا ﺠـﺮة ﻧﺎﺿـﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ا ﺒﻜﺮ ﻳﺜ ﺗﺴﺎؤﻻت ﺣـﻮل ﻣﺘﻰ وﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ا ﺠﺮات ." ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺳـﻤﺢ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﺎت ا ﺴـﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ JADES-GS-z14-0 ﺑﺪﻗﺔ أﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜ . ﻳُﻘﺪم ﻛﺸـﻒ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ا ـﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺳًﺎ دﻗﻴﻘ ﺎً ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺴﺎﻓﺔ ا ﺠـﺮة ﺑﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻋﺪم ﻳﻘ ﺗﺼﻞ إﱃ 0,005 . ﻓﻘﻂ% ﻳُﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬا ا ﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ - ا ُﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺪﻗـﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬا ا ﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ - ا ُﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺪﻗـﺔ ﰲ ود ﺣﺪ 5 ﺳﻢ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﻠـﻮﻣﱰ واﺣـﺪ - ﻋﲆ ﺗﺤﺴـ ﻓﻬﻤﻨـﺎ ﻟﺨ ﺼـﺎﺋﺺ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗُﻀﻴﻒ إﻟﻴﻮﻧﻮرا ﺑﺎرﻻﻧﺘﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟ ﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﻣﺪرﺳـﺔ ﺑﻴـﺰا اﻟﻌﻠﻴـﺎ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳـﺔ او ﺆﻟﻔــﺔ دراﺳــ ﺿــﻤﻦ ﺎت ﻋﻠــﻢ اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ . ﻳﻘﻮ ل اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ا ﺸﺎرك رﻳﺘﺸﺎرد ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺰ أﺣـﺪ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﻻﻳـﺪن : " ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﺗـﻢ اﻛﺘﺸــﺎف ا ﺠــﺮة ﰲ اﻷﺻــﻞ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ اﻟ ﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ ﻘـﺪ ﻓ اﺳﺘﻐﺮق اﻷﻣـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب أ ـﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴـﺪ وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ." ﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬا ﺳﻴ اﻟﺘﺂزر ا ﺬﻫﻞ ﺑ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﻲ أ ﺎ وﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ وﺗﻄـﻮر ا ﺠﺮات اﻷوﱃ ." ﻳﻘﻮل ﺟ ﺟﻮ ﺑﻮﺑﻴﻨﺞ ﻋـﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻠـﻚ ﻣ ﺨـﺘﺺ وﺑﺎرز ﰲ ا ﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﰲ ا ﺮﻛﺰ اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﺮﺻـﺪ أ ـﺎ، واﻟـﺬي ﻟـﻢ ﻳﺸ ﺎرك ﺑﺘﺎﺗًﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت " : ﺑﴫـاﺣﺔ ﻟﻘـﺪ ﻓﻮﺟﺌﺖ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻮاﺿـﺢ وا ـﺬﻫﻞ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠ ﰲ ا ﺠـﺮة JADES-GS-z14-0 . ﻳﺸ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻬـﺎم إﱃ أن ا ﺠـﺮات ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ أﻛـﱪ ﺑﻜﺜـ ﺑﻌـﺪ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺘﻘـﺪ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘ . ﺎً ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﺑﺠـﻼء اﻟـﺪور ا ﻬـﻢ واﻟﺤﻴﻮي اﻟﺬي ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب أ ﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺸـﻒ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﰲ ﻇﻠﻬﺎ ا ﺠﺮات اﻷوﱃ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻧﻨﺎ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ". ﻣﺎﻳﻮ - ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 5