Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2025 ARABIC VERSION

D 29 isplayingwispylayersofred,orangeand yellow,thenebulaencasingNGC2040re- semblesavibrantroseinthisimagecaptured bytheGeminiSouthtelescope.Thisnebulous flowershowcasesthedramaticstoryofstellar life,deathandrebirth.[InternationalGemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA.ImagePro- cessing: J. Miller & M. Rodriguez (Interna- tional Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab), T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage/NSF NOIRLab), M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab)] GC 2040 is a young open clusterofstarswithinthe LargeMagellanicCloud, a satellite galaxy of the MilkyWay, located about 160,000 light- years from Earth. It is a type of star cluster known as an OB association because it con- tains more than a dozen stars of the O and B spectral types. These stars lead short lives of only a few million years, during which they burn very hot before exploding as supernovae. The energy released by the explo- sionsofthesemassivestarsfeeds the formation of NGC 2040’s structure, while the expelled material seeds the growth ofthe next generation of stars. Theveilednebula’sdelicate structureisrevealedinthis imagecapturedwiththeGemini Southtelescope,onehalfofthe InternationalGeminiObserva- tory,fundedinpartbytheU.S. NationalScienceFoundation and operated by NSF NOIRLab. The8-meteroptical/infraredtel- escopeisperfectlysuitedtocap- turingboththebrightstarsand thediffuseglowofthecluster. NGC2040containsmostlyhy- drogen and oxygen atoms. As theseatomsareexcitedby theultravioletradiationfrom nearbymassivestars,theyemit light.Thisemittedlightspansa range of wavelengths from the ultraviolet,throughthevisible, andintotheinfrared.Specialfil- tersonGeminiSouththenallow specificwavelengths,orcolors, ofthisemittedlighttopass through, like the deep red and orangeofglowinghydrogen and the light blue of glowingoxygen.Thebrightwhiter epre- sentsareaswherethereisan abundance of both. NGC2040issonamedbecauseit ispartoftheNewGeneralCata- logue of deep sky objects, first compiledbyJohnDryerin1888. More recent observations have revealedthatitispartofamas- sivestructureofinterstellargas knownasLH88,whichisoneof the largest active star-forming regions in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Over the next million yearsthousandsofnewstarswill be born in the region. Most of the stars in the Milky Way, including the Sun, likely formedwithinopenclusterssim- ilar to NGC 2040. When the O andBstarsendtheirlivesassu- pernovae they will enrich the cluster with elements such as carbon, oxygen, and iron. To- gether with the bountiful hy- drogen of the cluster, these elementsprovidethenecessary ingredientsfortheformationof newstars,planets,andperhaps even life. The bright stars seen in the imagearewidelyseparated,but theirmotionsthroughspaceare similar,indicatingthattheyhave a common origin. The layered nebulousstructuresinLH88are theremnantsofstarsthathave alreadydied.Thedelicateleaves oftherosewereformedbyboth the shockwaves from super- novae and the stellar winds of the O and B stars. Takenasawhole,theroseofLH 88tellsastoryofdeathandre- birth, where the dust of dead starsbecomestheseedsofnew stars and planetary systems. And likearosethebeautyofLH88is fleeting. Within a few million years — a brief moment of cos- mictime—thegasanddustwill be either gathered into young starsorcastoffintointerstellar space. The stars formed within the cluster will have moved on to their own journeys through theirgalaxy.     MAY-JUNE2025 ﺗﻈﻬـــــــﺮ ﻫـــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــــــﻮرة اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻬـــــــﺎ ﺗﻠﺴـــــــ ﻮب اﻟـــــــ ــــــــــــ ﺟ ﻤ ﺳــــــــــــﺎوث ﻃ ﻘــــــــــــﺎتٍ ﻫﺸــــــــــــﺔً ﻣــــــــــــﻦ اﻷ ﻤــــــــــــﺮ واﻟ ﻘــﺎﻟﻲواﻷﺻــﻔﺮ، ﺗُﺸــ ﮫ اﻟﺰﻫــﺮة اﻟﺴــﺪ ﻤ ﺔ اﻟــ ﺗُﻐﻠـــــــــﻒ NGC2040 ـــــــــ ـــــــــﺔ ﻮردةً زاﻫ . ﺗُﻈﻬـــــــــﺮﻫـــــــــﺬﻩ ـــﺔ ﻟ اﻟﺰﻫـــﺮة اﻟﺴـــﺪ ﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻘﺼـــﺔ اﻟﺪراﻣ ـــﺔ ـــﺎة اﻟﻨ ﻤ ﻠﺤ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮتٍ و وﻻدةٍ ﺟﺪ ﺪة . [NSF/AUI/NSFNRAO/S.Dagnello] [InternationalGemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA.ImagePr o- cessing: J. Miller & M. Rodriguez (Interna- tional Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab), T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage/NSF NOIRLab), M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab)] 29 ﻌـﺮف ﺑــ NGC 2040 وﻫـﻮ ﻋﻨﻘـﻮد ﻧﺠﻤﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﺷﺎب ﻳﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﻼن اﻟﻜﱪى وﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺮة ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧــﺔ ﺗﻘ ـﻊ ﻋ ـﲆ ﺑُﻌ ـﺪ ﺣ ـﻮاﱄ 160,000 ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض وﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻳُﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ ﻋﻨﻘﻮد OB ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﲆ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ اﺛﻨﻲ ﻋﴩ ﻧﺠﻤًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮﻋ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴـ O و B . ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺣﻴﺎة ﻗﺼ ة ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳـ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺴـﻨ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗﺤـﱰق ﺑﺸـﺪة ﻗﺒـﻞ أن ﺗﻨﻔﺠـﺮ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮات ﻋﻈﻤﻰ . ﺗُﻐﺬي اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀـﺨﻤ ﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﻴـﺔ NGC 2040 ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ـﺎ ﺗُﻤﻬــﺪ ا ــﺎدة ا ﻄــﺮودة اﻟﻄ ﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮ . م ﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺴﺪﻳﻢ ا ﺤﺠـﻮب ﰲ ﻫ ـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة ا ﻠﺘﻘﻄ ـﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﺳﺎوث وﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲ اﻟﺪوﱄ وا ﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒـﻞ ا ﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠـﻮم اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﺔ وﻳﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب ﻌﺪّ اﻟﺘ ﻳُ . ﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺒﴫي ـاﻟ / اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮه 8 أﻣﺘﺎر ﻣُﻬﻴﺄً ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻻ ﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﻛـﻞﱟ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﺴـﺎﻃﻌﺔ و ﺗـﻮﻫﺞ ا ﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد . ﻳﺤﺘﻮي NGC2040 ﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤ ﻋــﲆ ذرات اﻟﻬﻴــﺪروﺟ واﻷﻛﺴــﺠ وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗُﺜﺎر ﻫﺬه اﻟﺬرات ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓـﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴــﺠﻴﺔ ا ﻟﺼــﺎدرة ﻋــﻦ اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗُﺼﺪر ﺿﻮء . اً ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻋﱪ ﻧﻄﺎق ﻣـﻦ اﻷﻃـﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴــﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﻓـﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮور اً ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺮﺋﻲ وﺻﻮﻻً إﱃ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء . ﺗﺴـﻤﺢ ﻣُﺮﺷﱢ ـﺤﺎت ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻛﺒـﺔ اﻟﺠﻮزاء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺮور أﻃﻮال ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ أو أﻟ ﻮان ﻣُﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺣﻤـﺮ واﻟﱪﺗﻘـﺎﱄ اﻟﻐـﺎﻣﻖ ﻟﻠﻬﻴـﺪروﺟ ا ﺘـﻮﻫﺞ واﻷزرق اﻟﻔـﺎﺗﺢ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠ ا ﺘﻮﻫﺞ . ﻳُﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﺴـﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ وﻓﺮة ﻣـﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤـﺎ . ﺳُـﻤﻲ NGC2040 ﺑﻬﺬا اﻻﺳﻢ ﻷﻧـﻪ ﺟـﺰء ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻟﻮج اﻟﻌ ﺎم اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻷﺟـﺮام اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺬي ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ﺟـﻮن دراﻳـﺮ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻋﺎم 1888 ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺮﺻـﺪ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ أﻧﻪ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻴـﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺒﻴﻨﺠﻤـﻲ ﺗُﻌـﺮف ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ LH88 وﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى أﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺳـﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻣـﺎﺟﻼن اﻟﻜـﱪى . وﻋﲆ ﻣﺪار ا ﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﺳـﺘﻮﻟﺪ آﻻف اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﰲ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ . ﻣﻦ ا ﺮﺟﺢ أن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻧﺠﻮم ﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﺖ داﺧﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﻧ ﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟـ NGC 2040 . ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺗُﺮﺳـﻞ ﻧﺠـﻮم O و B اﻟﻀـﺨﻤﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬ ـﺎ اﻟﺪراﻣﻴ ـﺔ ﰲ ﻧ ﻬﺎﻳ ـﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻓﻬ ـﺎ ﻛﻤﺴــﺘﻌﺮات ﻋﻈﻤــﻰ ﻣﻬﻴﺒــﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻬــﺎ ﺳﺘُﺜﺮي اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد ﺑﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن واﻷﻛﺴــﺠ وا ﻟﺤﺪﻳــﺪ وﻏ ﻫــﺎ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻬﻴـﺪرو ﺟ اﻟﻮﻓ واﻟﻬﻴﻠﻴﻮم ﰲ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد ﺗُﻮﻓﺮ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ا ﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﴬورﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻜــﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﺠــﻮم وﻛﻮاﻛــﺐ ﺟﺪﻳــﺪة ﰲ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ورﺑﻤـﺎ ﺣﺘـﻰ اﻟﺤﻴـﺎة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ . اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻌﺔ اﻟﻈـﺎﻫﺮة ﰲ اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة ﻋ ﲆ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸ ﺑﻘﻮة إﱃ أن ﻟﻬﺎ أﺻﻼً ﻣﺸﱰﻛًﺎ ﰲ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ا. واﺣـﺪة ﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛـﻞ اﻟﺴـﺪﻳﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻴـﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ ﰲ LH88 ﻫﻲ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻧﺠﻮم ﻣﺎﺗﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ وﺗﺮﻛـﺖ وراءﻫـﺎ ﻫـﺬه اﻵﺛـﺎر . ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﺖ أوراق اﻟـﻮرد اﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﺑﻔﻌـﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ واﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﺠﻮم O و B . إذا ﻣﺎ أُﺧـﺬت وردة LH88 ﻛﻜـﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻜﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻣﻮت وﺑﻌـﺚ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﺼﺒ ﺢ ﻏﺒﺎر اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﻴﺘﺔ ﺑﺬورًا ﻟﻨﺠـﻮم وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﰲ دورة ﻛﻮﻧﻴـﺔ . ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة وﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻓﺈن ﺟﻤـﺎل LH88 زاﺋﻞ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻏﻀﻮن ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳـ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻨ وﻫـﻲ ﻟﺤﻈـﺔ وﺟﻴـﺰة ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻐـﺎز واﻟﻐﺒـﺎر إﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻧﺠـﻮم ﺷـﺎﺑﺔ ﻻﻣﻌـﺔ أو ﻳُﻠﻘـﻰ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺟـﺰءً ا ﻣـﻦ . وﺳﻄﻪ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد ﻗﺪ اﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ إﱃ رﺣﻼﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﱪ ﻣﺠﺮاﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺴﻴﺤﺔ . ﻣﺎﻳﻮ - ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 5