Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2025 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE2025 TelescopeScienceInstituteinBalti- more, United States. The team tracked the movements of iron, sodium and hydrogen, which al- lowed them to trace winds in the deep,midandshallowlayersofthe planet’s atmosphere, respectively. “It’s the kind of observation that is very challenging to do with space telescopes, highlighting the impor- tance of ground-based observations ofexoplanets,” headds.Interest- ingly, tions the pre nium j jet str lighted ion stu Astron Astrop was an sincepr vations had sh ment to be absent, possibly because it’s hiddendeepinthe “It’s truly mind-blowing that we’re able to study details like the chem- ical makeup and weather patternsof a planet at such a vast distance,” says Bibiana Prinoth, a PhD student at Lund Universityn atmosphere.  T structureandmotionof hisdiagramshowsthe the atmosphere of the exo- planet Tylos (WASP-121b). The exoplanet is shown from above in this figure, looking atoneofitspoles.Theplanet rotates counter-clockwise, in such a way that it always shows the same side to its parentstar,soit’salwaysday on one half of the planet and night on the other. The tran- sition between night and day is the “morning side” while the“eveningside”represents the transition between day and night; its morning side is to the right and its evening sidetotheleft.Astheplanet crosses in front of its host star,atomsintheplanet’sat- mosphere absorb specific coloursorwavelengthsofthe star’slight,whichcanbemeasuredwithaspectrograph.Fromthisdata––obtainedinthiscasewiththeESPRESSOinstru- mentonESO’sVeryLargeTelescope––astronomerscanreconstructthecompositionandvelocityofdifferentlayersinthe atmosphere. The deepest layer is a wind of iron that blows away from the point of the planet where the star is directly overhead.Abovethislayerthereisaveryfastjetofsodiumthatmovesfasterthantheplanetrotates.Thisjetactuallyac- celeratesasitmovesfromthemorningsidetotheeveningsideoftheplanet.Finally,thereisanupperlayerofhydrogen wind blowing outwards. This hydrogen layer overlaps with the sodium jet below it. [ESO/M. Kornmesser] اﻟﻬ ﺪروﺟ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم اﻟـﺤﺪ ﺪ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 24 ﻳﻮﺿــــــــﺢ ﻫـــــــــﺬا اﻟﺮﺳـــــــــﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﻄ ﻄـــــــــﻲ اﻟﻐــــــــﻼف اﻟـــــــــ ـ ﺠﻮي ﻟﻠ ﻮﻛـــــــــﺐ اﻟ ﻨ ﻤـــــــــﻲ ﺗــــــــــــــــــــﺎ ﻠﻮس ) WASP-121b .( ﻈﻬــــــــــــــــــــﺮ اﻟ ﻮﻛــﺐ اﻟ ﻨ ﻤــﻲ ﻣــﻦ أﻋﻠــﻰﻓــﻲﻫــﺬا اﻟﺸـــ ﻞ ــــﮫ وﻫــــﻮ ﻨﻈـــﺮإﻟــــﻰ أﺣـــﺪ ﻗﻄﺒ . ــــــﺪوراﻟ ﻮﻛــــــﺐ ﻋﻜــــــﺲ اﺗﺠــــــﺎﻩ ﻋﻘـــــــﺎر ـــــــﺚ ُﻈ اﻟﺴــــــﺎﻋﺔ، ﺑﺤ ﻬـــــــﺮداﺋﻤًـــــــﺎ ﻧﻔـــــــﺲ ا ﺎﻧـــــﺐ ﻟﻨ ﻤـــــﮫ اﻷم ـــــﻮن اﻟﻨﻬــــــﺎر ﻟـــــﺬا ﻳ داﺋﻤًــــــــﺎ ﻋﻠـــــــــﻰ أﺣــــــــﺪ ﻧﺼـــــــــﻔﻲ اﻟ ﻮﻛـــــــــﺐ واﻟﻠﻴــــــــﻞ ﻋﻠـــــــــﻰ اﻟﻨﺼــــــــﻒ اﻵﺧـــــــــﺮ . ُﻤﺜـــــــــﻞ " ﺟﺎﻧــــــﺐ اﻟﺼـــــــ ﺎح " اﻟﻠﻴـــــــﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﻘـــــــﺎل ﺑـــــــ واﻟﻨﻬـــﺎر، ﺑ ﻨﻤـــﺎ ُﻤﺜـــﻞ " ﺟﺎﻧـــﺐ اﻟﻤﺴـــﺎء " اﻟﻠﻴـــــــﻞ واﻟﻨﻬـــــــﺎر اﻻﻧﺘﻘـــــــﺎل ﺑـــــــ . ـــــــﮫ ﺟﺎﻧ ـــــــــــــﮫ وﺟﺎﻧ اﻟﺼــــــــــــ ﺎﺣﻲﻋﻠـــــــــــــﻰ اﻟ ﻤــــــــــــ اﻟﻤﺴــــﺎﺋﻲﻋﻠــــﻰ اﻟ ﺴــــﺎر . ﻋﻨــــﺪﻣﺎ ﻌــــ اﻟ ﻮﻛــﺐ أﻣــﺎم ﻧ ﻤــﮫ اﻟﻤﻀــ ﻒ، ﺗﻤــﺘﺺ ذرات اﻟﻐــــﻼف اﻟــــ ـ ﺠﻮي ﻟﻠ ﻮﻛــــﺐ أﻟﻮاﻧًــــﺎ أو أ ـــــﺔ ﻣﺤـــــﺪدة ﻣـــــﻦ ﺿـــــﻮء ﻃـــــﻮاﻻً ﻣﻮﺟ اﻟﻨ ﻢ ﻤﻜﻦ ﻗ ﺎﺳـﻬﺎ ﺎ واﻟ ﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ـــــــــــﺎف ﻣﻄ اﺳ ﺴـــــــــــﻮ ـــــــــــﺖ اﻟﻤﺜ ﻋﻠـــــــــــﻰ ﺎﺳــــــــــﺘﺨﺪام ــــــــــﺎف ﻣﻄ اﺳ ﺴــــــــــﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻠﺴ ﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪ اً ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ ا ﻨﻮﺑﻲ وﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ أﻗـﻮى اﻟﻤﺮاﺻـﺪ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻢ ﻤﻜـﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ إ ـﺐ وﺳـﺮﻋﺔ ﻃ ﻘـﺎت اﻟﻐـﻼف ﻋـﺎدة ﻨـﺎء ﺗﺮﻛ ـ اﻟــ ﺠﻮي اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ ﻟﻬــﺬا اﻟ ﻮﻛــﺐ اﻟﻔﺮ ــﺪ . اﻟﻄ ﻘــﺔ ــﺪ ــﺔ ﺗﻬــﺐ ﻌ اﻷﻋﻤـﻖﻫــﻲ ر ـﺎح ﺣﺪ ﺪ اً ـﻮن اﻟــﻨ ﻢ ﻓﻮﻗﻬـﺎ ﻣ ﺎﺷــﺮة ﺴــ ﺐ اﻟــ ــﺚ ﻳ ﻋــﻦ ﻧﻘﻄــﺔ اﻟ ﻮﻛــﺐﺣ ـ ﺤﺮارة اﻟﺸـﺪ ﺪة . ﻓــﻮق ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﻄ ﻘــﺔ ﺗﻮﺟــﺪ ﻧﻔﺎﺛــﺔ ﺻــﻮدﻳﻮمﺳــﺮ ﻌﺔ ﺟــﺪًا ﺗﺘﺤــﺮك أﺳــﺮع ﻣــﻦ دوران اﻟ ﻮﻛــﺐ ﻓــﻲﻣﺸــﻬﺪ ﺟــ ﻮيد ﻨــﺎﻣ ﻜﻲ . ﺗﺘﺴــﺎرع ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛــﺔ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺼ ﺎح إﻟـﻰﺟﺎﻧـﺐ اﻟﻤﺴـﺎ ء ﻟﻠ ﻮﻛـﺐ ﺸـ ﻞ ﻏـ ﻣﺘﻮﻗـﻊ . أﺧـ اً ﺗﻬـﺐ ﻟﻠﺨـﺎرج إﻟـﻰ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ـﺪروﺟ ـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ر ـﺎح اﻟﻬ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﻃ ﻘـﺔ ﻋﻠ اﻟﻤﺤ ﻂ . ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺔ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم ﺗﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻃ ﻘﺔ اﻟﻬ ﺪروﺟ ﺗﻘﻊ أﺳﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌﻘ اﻟ .ﺪ [ESO/M. Kornmesser] اﻟـﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻨﻬﺎري اﻟـﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻠ ﻠﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳـﺪ واﻟﺼـﻮدﻳﻮم واﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺘﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺮﻳـﺎح ﰲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ وا ﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ واﻟﻀـﺤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺘـﻮاﱄ . : " وﴏح إﻧﻪ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺻـﺪ اﻟـﺬي ﻳُﻤﺜـﻞ ﺗﺤــﺪﻳًﺎ ﻛﺒــً ا ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻠﺴــﻜ ﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳُﱪز أﻫﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷرﴈ ﻟﻠﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ وﻣﻦ ا ﺜـ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤـﺎم أن ا ﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ أﻳﻀ ﺎً ﻋـﻦ وﺟـﻮد اﻟﺘﻴﺘﺎ ﻧﻴﻮم أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻨﻔﺎث ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔ ﺪﻳﻮ ﻛ ﻒﻛﺸﻒﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻋﻦ اﻟ ﻨ ﺔ ﺛﻼﺛ ﺔ اﻷ ﻌﺎد ﻟﻠﻐﻼف اﻟ ـ ﺠﻮي ﻟ ﻮﻛﺐ ﻧ ﻤﻲ . ة ﻷول ﻣﺮ [ESO] ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ دراﺳـﺔ ﻣﺼـﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻧُـ ـ ﴩت ﰲ ﻣﺠﻠــﺔ ﻋﻠــﻢ اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴــﺔ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫـﺬه ﻣﻔﺎﺟـﺄة أﺧﺮى ﺣﻴـﺚ أﻇﻬـﺮت اﻷرﺻ ــﺎد اﻟﺴ ــﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﻏﻴـﺎب ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻌـ ـ ﻨﴫ رﺑﻤـﺎ ﻷﻧ ـﻪ ﺘـــﻒِ ﻣﺨ ﰲ أﻋﻤـــﺎق اﻟ ﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي . ﺗﻘـﻮل ﺑﻴﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺮﻳﻨﻮث ﻃﺎﻟﺒـﺔ اﻟ ـﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ـﺔ ﻟﻮﻧﺪ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ وا ﺮﺻﺪ ا ﻷوروﺑــﻲ اﻟﺠﻨــﻮﺑﻲ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎدت اﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ ا ﺮاﻓﻘـﺔ وﺷـﺎرﻛﺖ ﰲ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗـﺎدت اﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ ا ﺮاﻓﻘﺔ وﺷﺎرﻛﺖ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ورﻗﺔ ﺑﺤﺜﻴـﺔ ﰲ دورﻳﺔ ﻧﻴﺘﴩ ": إﻧـﻪ ﻷﻣـﺮ ﻣـﺬﻫﻞ ﺣﻘـ أن ﺎً ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ وأ ﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻄﻘـﺲ ﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﻋـﲆ ﻫﺬه ا ﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﺳﻌﺔ ." وﻟﻠﻜﺸـﻒ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮ ي ﻟﻠﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑـﺎﻷرض ﺳـﺘ ﻜﻮن ﻫﻨـﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﱃ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت أﻛﱪ وﺳﺘﺸـﻤﻞ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺘﻠ ﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻌﻤـﻼق ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ واﻟـﺬي ﻻ ﻳـﺰال ﻗﻴـﺪ اﻹ ﻧﺸـﺎء ﰲ ﺻـﺤﺮاء أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣـﺎ ﰲ ﻴﲇ ﺗﺸ وﻣﻄﻴﺎف اﻧﺪﻳﺲ) ( اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻪ . ﺗﻘــﻮل ﺑﺮﻳﻨــﻮث " : ﺳــﻴُﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﻠﺴــﻜﻮب اﻟﻌﻤـﻼق ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ ﻧﻘﻠـﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴـﺔ ﰲ دراﺳـﺔ اﻷﻏﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟ ﻠﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ." إن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻨﻲ أﺷﻌﺮ وﻛﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻋـﲆ وﺷﻚ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف أﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻌﻨﺎ إﻻ أن ﻧﺤﻠﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻵن ." ﻣﺎﻳﻮ - ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 5