Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2025 ARABIC VERSION

year there lasts only about 30 Earth hours. Moreover, one side of the planet is scorching, as it is always facing the star, while the other side is much cooler. The team has now probed deep in- side Tylos’s atmosphere and re- vealed distinct winds in separate layers,formingamapoftheatmos- phere’s 3D structure. It’s the first timeastronomershavebeenableto study the atmosphere of a planet outside our Solar System in such depth and detail. “What we found was surprising: ajet stream rotates material around the planet’s equator, while a sepa- rate flow at lower levels of the at- mosphere moves gas from the hot side to the cooler side. This kind of climate has never been seen before on any planet,” says Seidel, who is also a researcher at the Lagrange Laboratory, part of the Observatoire delaCôted’Azur,inFrance.Theob- served jet stream spans half of the planet, gaining speed and violently churningtheatmospherehighupin the sky as it crosses the hot sideof Tylos. “Even the strongest hurri- canes in the Solar System seem calm in comparison,” she adds. To uncover the 3D structure of the exoplanet’s atmosphere, the team used the ESPRESSO instrument on ESO’s VLT to combine the light of its four large telescope units into a sin- gle signal. This combined mode of the VLT collects four times as much light as an individual telescope unit, revealing fainter details. Byobservingtheplanetforonefull transit in front of its host star, ESPRESSOwasabletodetectsigna- turesofmultiplechemicalelements, probing different layers of the at- mosphereasaresult. “TheVLTen- abled us to probe three different layers of the exoplanet’s atmos- phereinonefellswoop,” saysstudy co-author Leonardo A. dos Santos, anassistant astronomerat the Space اﻟـﺤﺪ ﺪ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 23 أﺣﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﱰق ﻳﻮاﺟﻪ ﺎً داﺋﻤ ﻪ ﻧﺠﻤ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻵﺧﺮ أﺑﺮد ﺑﻜﺜـ وﻗﺪ ﺳﱪ اﻟﻔﺮ ﻳﻖ اﻵن أﻋﻤﺎق ﻏﻼف ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮس اﻟﺠﻮي واﻛﺘﺸﻔﻮا رﻳﺎﺣﺎ ﻣﻤﻴﺰة ﰲ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎت ﻣﻨﻔﺼـﻠﺔ ﺗُﺸـﻜّﻞ ﺻـﻮرةً ﻟﺒﻨﻴ ـ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ـﻼف اﻟﺤﺮاري ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد وﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ ا ﺮة اﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻣـﻦ دراﺳـﺔ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي ﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﺧـﺎرج ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨـﺎ اﻟﺸ ـﻤﴘ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻖ واﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ . إن ﻣﺎ وﺟﺪﻧﺎه ﻛﺎن ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌ : ﺎً ﺗﻴﺎر ﻧﻔﺎث ﻳﺪﻳﺮ ا ﺎدة ﺣﻮل ﺧـﻂ اﺳـﺘﻮاء اﻟ ﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻳﺤﺮك ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮﻳﺎت أدﻧـﻰ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي اﻟﻐـﺎز ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧـﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ إﱃ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮودة . ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ رؤﻳﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮ ع ﻣﻦ ا ﻨﺎخ ﻋـﲆ أي ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ " ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺗﻘـﻮل ﺳـﻴﺪل و ﻫـﻲ أﻳﻀـﺎً ﺑﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻻﻏـﺮاﻧﺞ وﻫـﻮ ﺟـﺰء ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺪ أزور ﰲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴـﺎ . ﻳﻤﺘـﺪ اﻟﺘﻴـﺎ ر اﻟﻨﻔ ـﺎث ا ﻠﺤ ـﻮظ ﻋ ـﲆ ﻧﺼـﻒ اﻟﻜﻮﻛ ـﺐ وﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﴎﻋـﺔ وﻳﻘﻠـﺐ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي ﺑﻌﻨـﻒ ﰲ اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء أﺛﻨـﺎء ﻋﺒـﻮره اﻟﺠﺎﻧـﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮس . ﺗﻀﻴﻒ " : ﺣﺘﻰ أﻗـﻮى اﻷﻋﺎﺻـ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻈـﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻫﺎدﺋـﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻘﺎرﻧـﺔ ." ﻟﻜﺸـﻒ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻟﻠﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻄﻴﺎف اﺳﱪﻳﺴﻮ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪ اً اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ ﻟـﺪﻣﺞ ﺿـﻮء وﺣـﺪات اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻷرﺑﻊ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﰲ إﺷﺎرة واﺣـﺪة . ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﺬا اﻟ ﻮﺿﻊ ا ُﺪﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ا ﺟﺪً أرﺑﻌـﺔ أﺿـﻌﺎف ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻀـﻮء اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ وﺣﺪة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻓﺮدﻳﺔ، ﻛﺎﺷﻔًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ أﺿﻌﻒ . ﺑﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﻟ ﻌﺒـﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ واﺣـﺪ أﻣـﺎم ﻧﺠﻤـﻪ ا ﻀـﻴﻒ ﺗﻤﻜـﻦ ﻣﻄﻴـﺎف اﺳﱪﻳﺴـﻮ ﻣـﻦ اﻛﺘﺸـ ﺎف دﻻﻻت ﻋﻨﺎﴏ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدة وﺳـﱪ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠ . ﻮي ﻳﻘﻮل ﻟﻴ ﻮﻧﺎردو أ . دوس ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻮس اﻟﺒﺎﺣـ ﺚ ا ﺸﺎرك ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ و ا ﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ﰲ ﺑـﺎﻟﺘﻴﻤﻮر اﻟﻮﻻﻳـﺎت ﺑ ﺎ ﺘﺤﺪة " : ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﻜّﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪ اً ﻣﻦ ﺳﱪ ﺛﻼ ث ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻟ ﻠﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ ." واﺣﺪة اﻟﻬ ﺪروﺟ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم اﻟـﺤﺪ ﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﻠﻮس أو ) WASP-121b ( ﻫــﻮ ﻮﻛــﺐ ﻧ ﻤــﻲ ﻏــﺎزيﻋﻤـﻼق ﻘــﻊ ﻋﻠــﻰ ُﻌــﺪ ﺣـــﻮاﻟﻲ 900 ــــﺔ اﻟ ﻮﺛــــﻞ ﺳــــﻨﺔ ﺿــــﻮﺋ ﺔ ﻓـــﻲ ﻮﻛ . ﺎﺳـــﺘﺨﺪام ــــﺎف ﻣﻄ اﺳ ﺴــــﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻠﺴ ﻮب اﻟﻌﻤﻼقﺟﺪ اً اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑـﻲ اﻟـ ـ ﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﻤﻜـﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ ﻏﻼﻓﮫ اﻟ ـ ـﺔ اﻷ ﻌـﺎد ﺠﻮيوﻛﺸﻒ ﻨ ﺘﮫ ﺛﻼﺛ . ﻫـﺬﻩ ﻫـﻲ اﻟﻤـﺮة اﻷوﻟـﻰ ُﺘــــﺎح ﻓﻴ اﻟــــ ﻬـــــﺎ ذﻟــــﻚ ﻋﻠــــﻰ ﻮﻛـــــﺐﺧــــﺎرج اﻟﻨﻈــــﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﺴـــــﻲ . ﻨﻘﺴــــﻢ ﻏـــــﻼف ﺗــﺎ ﻠﻮس اﻟــ ـ ــﺔ ﻓـــﻲ اﻷﺳــﻔﻞ ﺠﻮي إﻟـــﻰ ﺛــﻼثﻃ ﻘــﺎت ﻣـــﻊ ر ــﺎح ﺣﺪ ﺪ ـــﺎرا ﺗﻠﻴﻬــﺎ ﺗ ت ﻧﻔﺎﺛـﺎتﺳـﺮ ﻌﺔ ﺟــﺪاً ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺼــﻮدﻳﻮم وأﺧـ اً ــﺪروﺟ ـﺔ ﻣــﻦ ر ـﺎح اﻟﻬ ﻃ ﻘــﺔ ﻋﻠﻮ . ﻟﻢ ُﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﻮﻛﺐ . ] ESO/M. Kornmesser [ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ - ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 5