Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2025 ARABIC VERSION

Webb wows with incredible detail in Lynds 483 byNASA/ESA/CSA − ClaireBlome5ChristinePulliam igh-resolutionnear-infrared lightcapturedbyNASA’sJames Webb Space Telescope showsextraordinarynewdetailand structureinLynds483(L483).Twoac- tivelyformingstarsareresponsible fortheshimmeringejectionsofgas anddustthatgleaminorange,blue, andpurpleinthisrepresentative colorimage. Over tens of thousands of years, the central protostars have periodically ejected some of the gas and dust, spewing it out as tight, fast jets and slightly slower outflows that “trip” acrossspace.Whenmorerecentejec- tionshitolderones,thematerialcan crumple and twirl based on the den- sities of what is colliding. Overtime,chemicalreactionswithin these ejections and the surround- ingcloudhaveproducedarangeof molecules, like carbon monoxide, methanol,andseveralotherorganic compounds.Thetwoprotostarsre- sponsible for this scene are at the centerofthehourglassshape,inan opaque horizontal disk of cold gas and dust that fits within a single pixel. Much farther out, above and belowtheflatteneddiskwheredust isthinner,thebrightlightfromthe stars shines through the gas and dust,forminglargesemi-transparent orangecones.It’sequallyimportant to notice where the stars’ light is blocked—lookfortheexceptionally dark, wide V-shapes offset by 90 de- grees from the orange cones. These areasmaylooklikethereisnomate- rial, but it’s actually where the sur- rounding dust is the densest, and little starlight penetrates it. If you lookcarefullyattheseareas,Webb’s sensitive NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) has picked up distant stars as muted orange pinpoints behind this dust. Where the view is free of obscuringdust,starsshinebrightlyin white and blue. Some of the stars’ jets and outflows have wound up twistedorwarped.Tofindexamples, look toward the top right edgewhere there’s a prominent orange arc. This is a shock front, where the stars’ejectionswereslowedbyexist- ing,densermaterial.Now,lookalit- tle lower, where orange meets pink. Here, material looks like a tangled mess.Thesearenew,incrediblyfine details Webb has revealed, and will require detailed study to explain. Turntothelowerhalf.Here,thegas and dust appear thicker. Zoom in to find tiny light purple pillars. They point toward the central stars’ non- stopwinds,andformedbecause the material within them is dense enough that it hasn’t yet beenblown away. L483 is too large to fit in a single Webb snapshot, and this image was taken to fully capturethe upper section and outflows, whichiswhythelowersectionis onlypartiallyshown.Allthesymme- triesandasymmetriesintheseclouds may eventually be explained as re- searchersreconstructthehistoryof thestars’ejections,inpartbyupdat- ingmodelstoproducethesameef- fects. Astronomers will also even- tuallycalculatehowmuchmaterial thestarshaveexpelled,whichmole- cules were created when material smashed together, and how dense each area is. Millions of years from now, when the stars are finished forming,theymayeachbeaboutthe massofourSun.Theiroutflowswill have cleared the area — sweeping away these semi-transparent ejec- tions. All that may remain is a tiny disk of gas and dust where planets may eventually form. L483 is named for American as- tronomerBeverlyT.Lynds,whopub- lished extensive catalogs of “dark” and “bright” nebulae in the early 1960s. She did this by carefully ex- amining photographic plates (which preceded film) of the first Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, accurately recording each object’s coordinates and characteristics. These catalogs provided astronomers with detailed maps of dense dust clouds where stars form —critical resources fortheastronomicalcommunitydecade s before the first digital files became available and access to the internet waswidespread.      ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 20 و ﺐ ﻠﺘﻘﻂﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻟﺴﺪ ﻢ ﻟ ﻨﺪز 483 : ﻘﻠﻢ ﻠ ﻠﻮم و ﺑﻮﻟ ﺎم ﻛﺮﺴﺘ – و ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻈﻬﺮ ﺿﻮء اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﱄ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ، اﻟﺬي اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻨﺎﺳﺎ، ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ وﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳــﺪة وﻣﺬﻫﻠــﺔ ﰲ ﺳــﺪﻳﻢ ﻟﻴﻨــﺪز 483 ) L483 .( ﻧﺠﻤﺎ ن ﰲ ﻃﻮر اﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺸـﻂ ﻣﺴﺆوﻻن ﻋﻦ إﻃﻼق ﺗﻴـﺎرات ﻣﺘﻸﻟﺌـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐـﺎز واﻟﻐﺒـﺎر ﺗﺘـﻮﻫﺞ ﺑـﺄﻟﻮان ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ وزرﻗﺎء وأرﺟﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ا ﻠﻮﻧﺔ . ـﻋ ﺧﻼل ﴩات اﻵﻻف ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺴـﻨ أﻃﻠﻖ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﺎن اﻷوﻟﻴـﺎن ا ﺮﻛﺰ ﻳـﺎن ﺑﻌـﺾ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﺑﺸﻜﻞ دوري ﻧﺎﴍﻳﻦ إﻳﺎه ﻋﲆ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﻔ ﺜـﺎت ﺿـﻴﻘﺔ وﴎﻳﻌـﺔ وﺗـﺪﻓﻘﺎت ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ أﺑﻄﺄ ﺗﻨﺘﴩ" " ﻋﱪ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻼﳽ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹﻃﻼق اﻷﺣـﺪث ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺠﻌـﺪ ا ـﺎدة وﺗـﺪور ﺗﺒﻌًـﺎ ﻟﻜ ﺜﺎﻓـﺎت ﻣـﺎ ﺗﺼ ـﻄﺪم ﺑ ـﻪ . وﺑﻤــﺮور اﻟﻮﻗــﺖ أﻧﺘﺠــﺖ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت واﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ ا ﺤﻴﻄ ﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌـﺎت ﻣﺜـﻞ أول أﻛﺴـﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن وا ﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﺮﻛﺒـﺎت اﻟﻌﻀـﻮﻳﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى . ﻳﻘﻊ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﺎن اﻷوﻟﻴـﺎن ا ﺴـﺆوﻻن ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا ا ﺸـﻬﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺷـﻜﻞ اﻟﺴـﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺮص أﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻌ ﺘﻢ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺒﺎرد واﻟﻐﺒﺎر واﻟـﺬي ﻳﻈﻬـﺮ ﺑ ﺤﺠـﻢ ﺑﻜﺴﻞ واﺣﺪ . وإﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت أﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻮق وﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻘﺮص ا ﺴﻄﺢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜـ ﻮن اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر أﻗـﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﴤء اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻊ ا ﻨ ﺒﻌـﺚ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻋﱪ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﻣﻜﻮﻧًﺎ ﻣﺨـﺎرﻳﻂ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺒ ة ﺷﺒﻪ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ وﻣﻦ اﻷﻫﻤﻴـﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺎن ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺣﺠﺐﺿﻮء اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﺑﺤﺚ ﻋـﻦ اﻷﺷـﻜﺎل V اﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀـﺔ اﻟﺪاﻛﻨـﺔ ﺑﺸ ـﻜﻞ ﻻﻓ ـﺖ، واﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺑ ـﻞ ا ﺨ ـﺎرﻳﻂ ﺑﺸــﻜﻞ ﻻﻓــﺖ واﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺑــﻞ ا ﺨــﺎرﻳﻂ اﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ 90 ﻗﺪ ﺗ . درﺟﺔ ﺒﺪو ﻫـﺬه ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﺎدة وﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻮاﻗـﻊ ﺗ ﺤﺘﻀــﻦ ﻏﺒ ـﺎراً ﻣﺤﻴﻄًـﺎ أﻛﺜ ـﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ـﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺨﱰﻗﻪ ﺳﻮى اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻮء اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . وإذا أﻣﻌﻨﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬه ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ، ﻓﻘﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﺖ ﻛﺎﻣ ا وﻳ ﺐ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳـﺔ ) ﻧ ﻛـﺎم ( ﻧﺠﻮﻣـ ﺎً ﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻨﻘﺎ ط ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﺔ ﺧﻠـﻒ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻐﺒﺎر وﰲ ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر ا ﻌﺘﻢ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻖ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺑﻀﻮء ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺑـ ﺎﻟﻠﻮﻧ اﻷﺑـﻴﺾ واﻷزرق وﻗــﺪ اﻧﺤﺮﻓـﺖ أو اﻧﺜﻨـﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻧﻔﺜﺎت اﻟﻨ ﺠـﻮم وﺗـﺪﻓﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ . ﻟﻠﻌﺜـﻮر ﻋﲆ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﱪز ﻗﻮس ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ ﻻﻓﺖ . ﻫﺬه ﻋﺒـﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺔﻴ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺻﺪﻣ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺄت اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛـﺎت اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺑ ﺴﺒﺐ وﺟـﻮد ﻣـﺎدة أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓـﺔ . واﻵن اﻧﻈﺮ إﱃ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻗﻠـﻴﻼً ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﻠﺘﻘـﻲ اﻟﻠ ﻮن اﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻟـﻮردي . ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺗﺒـﺪو ا ـﺎدة وﻛﺄﻧﻬــﺎ ﻓ ـﻮﴇﻣﺘﺸـﺎﺑﻜﺔ . ﻫ ـﺬه ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ودﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ وﺳﺘﺘﻄﻠﺐ دراﺳـﺔ ﻣﻔﺼـﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴ ﻫﺎ ا . ﻧﺘﻘﻞ إﱃ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﺴـﻔﲇ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة . ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻳﺒـﺪو اﻟﻐـﺎز واﻟﻐﺒـﺎر أﻛﺜـﺮ . ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻗـﻢ ﺑﺘﻜﺒـ اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻟﻠﻌﺜـﻮر ﻋـﲆ أﻋﻤﺪة أرﺟﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺗﺤﺔ وﺻﻐ ة . ﺗﺸ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﺤﺐ إﱃ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ا ﺴـﺘ ﻤﺮة ا ﻨﺒﻌﺜـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺮﻛﺰﻳـﺔ وﻗـﺪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﺖ ﻷن ا ـﺎدة ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑـﺪا ﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺘـﻊ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴـﺔ ﺗﻤﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ ﺑﻌﻴﺪًا . أﻣﺎ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ L483 ﻓﻬﻮ ﻛﺒ ﺟـﺪ اً ﺑﺤﻴـﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺴـﻊ ﰲ ﻟﻘﻄـﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘُﻘﻄﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة ﺧﺼﻴﺼًﺎ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﺴـﻢ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮي اﻟﺼﻮرة ﺧﺼﻴﺼ ﺎً ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﺴـﻢ اﻟﻌ ﻠـﻮي واﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎ ت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﴪ ﻇﻬﻮر اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺴﻔﲇ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻓﻘـﻂ . ﻣﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗُﻔﴪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أوﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛـﻞ واﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﰲ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ا ﻄﺎف ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺗـ ﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت إﻃﻼق اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة وذﻟﻚ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ ﺎً ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘـﺎج ﻧﻔـﺲ اﻟﺘﺄ ﺛ ات ا ﺮﺻﻮدة . ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻛﻤﻴــﺔ ا ــﺎدة اﻟﺘــﻲ أﻃﻠﻘﺘﻬــﺎ اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم واﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺻﻄﺪام ا ﻮاد ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ وﻣﺪى ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣ ﻨﻄﻘﺔ . ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻼﻳ اﻟﺴﻨ ﻣﻦ اﻵن وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﻤـﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻛـ ﻞ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠـﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ وﺳـ ﺘﻜﻮن ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻗـﺪ أز اﺣـﺖ ا ـﺎدة ﻣـﻦ ا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺟﺎرﻓﺔً ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻫﺬه اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ وﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺒ ﻘﻰ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮصﺻﻐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒـﺎر ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤـﻞ أن ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ا ﻄﺎف . ﺳُﻤﻲ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ L483 ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻤـ ﺎً ﻟﻌﺎ ـﺔ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻔﺮﱄ ﺗﻲ ﻟﻴﻨـﺪز اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻧـ ﴩت ـ ﻛﺘﺎﻟﻮﺟـﺎت ﻟﻠﺴـﺪم ﰲ أواﺋ ـﻞ اﻟﺴـﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎت و أﻧﺠﺰت ذﻟﻚ ﻋﱪ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟـﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻸﻟـﻮاح اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ) اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻇﻬـﻮر اﻷﻓﻼم ﻷ ( ول ﻣﺴﺢ ﺳﻤﺎوي أﺟـﺮاه ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻣــﺎر وﻗــﺪ زودت ﻫــﺬه اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻟﻮﺟــﺎت اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴ ﺑﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔـﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم و ﻣـﻮارد ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﴫ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻨﺔ واﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ . ﻣﺎﻳﻮ - ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 5