Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2025 ARABIC VERSION

17 that can capture light from 5000 galaxies simultaneously. It was con- structed,andisoperated,withfund- ing from the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science. DESI is mountedontheU.S.NationalSci- ence Foundation (NSF) Nicholas U. Mayall4-meterTelescopeattheNSF Kitt Peak National Observatory, a Program of NSF NOIRLab. The pro- gram is now in its fourth of fiveyearssurveyingtheskyandissetto observe roughly 40 million galaxies andquasarsbythetimetheproject ends. TheDESIprojectisaninternational collaboration of more than 900 re- searchers from over 70 institutions around the world and is managed by DOE’s Lawrence Berkeley Na- tional Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). WithDESI’searlydata,whichinclude survey validation and 20% of the first year of operations, the team, led by University of Utah postdoc- toral researcher Ragadeepika Pucha, was able to obtain an unprece- dented dataset that includes the spectraof410,000galaxies,includ- ingroughly115,000dwarfgalaxies — small,diffusegalaxiescontainingtho usandstoseveralbillionsofstarsand very little gas. This extensive setwouldallowPuchaandherteam to explore the complex interplay between black hole evolution and dwarf galaxy evolution. While astrophysicists are fairly con- fident that all massive galaxies, like our Milky Way, host black holes at their centers, the picture becomes unclear as you move toward thelow- mass end of the spectrum. Finding black holes is a challenge in itself, but identifying them in dwarf galaxies is even more difficult,owing to their small sizes and the limited ability of our current instru- ments to resolve the regions closeto these objects. An actively feed- ing black hole, however, is easier to spot. “When a black hole at the center of a galaxy starts feeding, it unleashes a tremendous amount of energyinto its surroundings, transforming intowhatwecallanactivegalactic ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 17 ﺼــﻮر ﻫــﺬا اﻟﺮﺳـﻢ اﻟﺘﺨ ﻠــﻲ ﻣﺠــﺮة ﻗﺰﻣــﺔ ﺗﺤــﻮي ﻧــﻮاة ﻣﺠﺮ ــ ﺔ ﻧﺸــﻄﺔ ـﺎرة ﻋـﻦ ﻋ ﻨﺸـﺎط ﺛﻘـﺐ أﺳـﻮد ﺘﻐـﺬ . ـﺪ ﻣــﻦ ﻓـﻲ اﻟــﺨﻠﻔ ﺔ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ اﻟﻌﺪ ا ﻟﻤﺠـــﺮات اﻟﻘﺰ ـــ ﺗﻀـــﻢ ﺛﻘﻮ ﻣـــﺔ اﻷﺧـــﺮى اﻟـــ ﺎً ﺳـــﻮداء ﻧﺸـــﻄﺔ ﺎﻹﺿـــﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﺘ إﻟﻰ أﻧﻮاع أﺧـﺮى ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤﺠـﺮات اﻟـ ـ ﺎً ﻀـ ﻒ ﺛﻘﻮ ﺳـﻮداء ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ [NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/J. da Silva/M. Zamani] ﺑﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟـ ﻮزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ . وﺗﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻس ﻳﻮ . ﻣﺎﻳﺎل ذي اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ أﻣﺘﺎر اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠـﻮم اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻛﻴﺖ ﺑﻴـﻚ اﻟـﻮﻃﻨﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﺨﺘـﱪ ﻧﺔﻳﻼب ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب . اﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻵن ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻣـﻦ أﺻ ﻞ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﻋﻮام ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺴﺢ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء وﻣﻦ ا ﻘـﺮر أن ﻳﺮﺻـﺪ ﺣـﻮاﱄ 40 ﻣﻠﻴـﻮن ﻣ ﺠﺮة وﻛـﻮازار ـﻣـ . دﻳــﴘ )ﴩوع ( ﻫـﻮ ﺗﻌﺎون دوﱄ ﻳﻀﻢ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ 70 ﻣﺆﺳﺴـﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ 900 ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻦ ٩٠٠ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ ٧٠ ﻣﺆﺳﺴـﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎ وﻳﺪﻳﺮه ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻟﻮراﻧﺲ ﺑـ ﻛﲇ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟـﻮزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﺔ ) ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﺑ ﻛﲇ .( ﺑﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ ﻧﺎت اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟ ـ ( دﻳـﴘ) ﻤﴩوع واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻘـﻖ ﻣـﻦ ﺻـﺤﺔ ا ﺴـﺢ و 20 % ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺗﻤﻜـﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﺑﻘﻴـﺎدة ﺑﺎﺣﺜـﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﺑﻌـﺪ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻳﻮﺗﺎ راﻏﺎدﻳﺒﻴﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺗﺸﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻏـ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ أﻃﻴﺎف 410,000 ﻣﺠـﺮة ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣـ ﻦ 115,000 ﻣﺠـﺮة - ﻗﺰﻣﺔ وﻫﻲ ﻣﺠـﺮات ﺻـﻐ ة ﻣـ ـ ﻨﺘﴩة ﺗﺤﺘــﻮي ﻋــﲆ آﻻف إﱃ ﻣﻠﻴــﺎرات اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم وﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪًا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز . ﺳﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻮاﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺒﻮﺗﺸــﺎ وﻓﺮﻳﻘﻬــﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ اﺳﺘﻜﺸــﺎف اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ا ﻌﻘﺪ ﺑ ﺗﻄـﻮر اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد وﺗﻄﻮر ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﻘﺰﻣﺔ . ﰲ ﺣ أن ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟ ﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ واﺛﻘـﻮن إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ أن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﻀـﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ ﺛﻘﻮﺑًـﺎ ﺳﻮداء ﰲ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰﻫـﺎ إﻻ أن اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﺗﺼـﺒﺢ ﻏ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎ ﺗﻘـﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﻧﺤـﻮ اﻟﻄـﺮف ا ﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﻒ . ﺘـﱪﻌﻳ اﻟﻌﺜـﻮر ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺎً ﰲ ﺣـﺪ ذ اﺗـﻪ وﻟﻜـﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫ ﺎ ﰲ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﻘﺰﻣﺔ ﻳُﻌﺘـﱪ ﺗﺤـﺪﻳ ﺎً ﺎً ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔ اً ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻟﺼـﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﻬـﺎ واﻟﻘـﺪرة ا ﺤـﺪودة ﻷﺟﻬﺰﺗﻨـﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﺤﺪﻳـ ﺪ ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺟ ﺮام اﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀـﺔ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺘﻐـﺬى ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻂ ﻧﺸ ﻳﻜﻮن رﺻﺪه أﺳﻬﻞ . ﺗ ﻘـﻮل راﻏﺎدﻳﺒﻴﻜـﺎ ﺑﻮﺗﺸـﺎ " : ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺒـﺪأ ا ﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ا ﺠـﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ ﻳﻄﻠـ ﻖ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﺤـﻮﻻً إﱃ ﻣـﺎ ﻧﺴـﻤﻴﻪ " ﻧﻮاة ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ." ﻣﺎﻳﻮ - ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 5