Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2026 ARABIC VERSION

MARCH-APRIL2026 32 ASTROPUBLISHING milesaway.Forcomparison,Earth’s distance from the Sun is about 93 million miles. Because of its ex- tremelytightorbit,theexoplanet’s entireyear—thetimeittakestogo around its star — is just 7.8 hours. Gravitationalforcesfromthemuch heavier pulsar are pulling the Jupiter-mass planet into a bizarre lemonshape.Together,thestarand exoplanet may be considered a “black widow” system, though not atypicalexample.Blackwidowsys- temsareararetypeofdoublesys- temwherearapidlyspinningpulsar ispairedwithasmall,low-massstel- larcompanion.Inthepast,material fromthecompanionstreamedonto thepulsar,causingthepulsartospin fasterovertime,whichpowersa strong wind. That wind and radia- tion then bombard and evaporate the smaller and less massive com- panion.Likethespiderforwhichit is named, the pulsar slowly con- sumes its unfortunate partner. But in this case, the companion is offi- ciallyconsideredanexoplanet,nota star.TheInternationalAstronomical Uniondefinesanexoplanetasace- lestial body below 13 Jupiter masses that orbits a star, brown dwarf, or stellarremnant,suchasapulsar.Of the6,000knownexoplanets,thisis the only one reminiscent of a gas giant (with mass, radius, and tem- peraturesimilartoahotJupiter)or- biting a pulsar. Only a handful of pulsars are known to have planets. “Didthisthingformlikeanormal planet? No, becausethe composition is en-tirely different,” said Zhang. “Did it form by strippingtheoutsideof a star, like ‘normal’ black widow systems are formed? Probably not, because nuclear physics does not make pure carbon. It’s very hard to imagine how you get this extremely carbon-enriched com- position. It seems to rule out every known formationmechanism.” Study co-author Roger Romani, of Stanford UniversityandtheKavli InstituteforParticleAs- trophysics and Cosmol- ogy, proposes one evo- cative phenomenonthat could occur in the unique atmosphere. “As the companioncools down, the mix-ture of carbon and oxy-gen in the interior starts to crystallize,” said Romani. “Pure carbon crystals float to thetop and get mixed into the helium, and that’s what we see. But then something has to happen to keepthe oxygen and nitrogen away. And that’s where the mystery comes in.” “But it’s nice to not know every- thing ,” said Romani. “I’m looking forward to learning more about the weirdness of this atmosphere. It’s great to have a puzzle to go after.” With its infrared vision and exqui- site sensitivity, this is a discovery only the Webb telescope couldmake. Its perch a million miles from Earth and its huge sunshield keepthe instruments very cold, which is necessary for these observations. Itis not possible to conduct this study fromtheground. ■ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 32 ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺮم ﻛﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻋﺎدي؟ ﻻ ﻷن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣـ "ﺎً ﻗﺎل ﺗﺸﺎﻧﻎ . ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺗﺠﺮﻳـﺪ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﰲ أﻧﻈﻤـﺔ اﻷرﻣﻠـﺔ ا ﻟﺴ ـﻮداء " اﻟﻌﺎدﻳ ـﺔ " ؟ ﻋــﲆ اﻷرﺟـــﺢ ﻻ ﻷ ن اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـــﺎء اﻟﻨﻮوﻳ ـﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨ ـﺘﺞ اﻟﻜﺮﺑــﻮن اﻟﻨﻘﻲ . ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺟﺪ اً ﺗﺨﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬا اﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ اﻟﻐﻨـﻲ ﺑ ـﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن . ﻳﺒﺪو أن ﻫﺬا ﻳﺴـﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ آﻟﻴــﺎت اﻟﺘﻜــ ﻮﻳﻦ ا ﻌﺮوﻓــﺔ . ﻳﻘﱰ ح روﺟﺮ روﻣﺎﻧﻲ ا ﺆﻟـﻒ ا ﺸــﺎرك ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺳـﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮرد وﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ﻛـﺎﻓﲇ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء اﻟﺠﺴـﻴﻤﺎت وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺎت ﻇﺎﻫﺮة ﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤـﺪث ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﺪ . ﻳﻘﻮل روﻣﺎﻧﻲ " : ﻣـﻊ ﺑـﺮودة اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮاﻓـﻖ ﻳﺒـﺪأ ﺧﻠـﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـــﻮن واﻷﻛﺴـــﺠ ﰲ اﻟــﺪاﺧﻞ ﺑــﺎﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮر . ﺗﻄﻔــﻮ ﺑﻠـ ﻮرات اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن اﻟ ﻨﻘـﻲ إﱃ اﻷﻋﲆ وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻠﻴﻮم وﻫﺬا ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺪاره اﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ، ﻓـﺈن اﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً - أي اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﻪ ﻟﻠﺪوران ﺣﻮل ﻧﺠﻤـﻪ – 7.8 ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻓﻘﻂ . ﺗﺠﺬب ﻗـﻮى اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ اﻷﺛﻘﻞ ﺑﻜﺜ اﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ اﻟـﺬي ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ا ﺸﱰي إﱃ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﻳـﺐ ﻳﺸ ـﺒﻪ اﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻧ ـﺔ . ﻳﻤﻜ ـﻦ اﻋﺘﺒــﺎر اﻟ ـﻨﺠﻢ واﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﺨـﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﻌـ ﺎً ﻧﻈﺎﻣـ ﺎً ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ " ﻧﻈﺎم اﻷرﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﻮداء " ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺜﺎﻻً ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻴ . ﺎً أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷرﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﻮداء ﻫﻲ ﻧﻮع ﻧﺎدر ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻈﻤـﺔ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﻘﱰن ﻧﺠﻢ ﻧـﺎﺑﺾ ﻳـﺪور ﺑـ ـ ﴪﻋﺔ ﺑـﻨﺠﻢ ﺻﻐ ذي ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ . ﰲ ا ﺎﴈ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ا ﻮاد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮاﻓﻖ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋـﲆ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ دوراﻧﻪ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ أﻛﱪ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﻮﻟﺪ رﻳﺎﺣًﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺛﻢ . ﺗﻘﻮم ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺮﻳـﺎح واﻹﺷـﻌﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﻘﺼـﻒ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮاﻓﻖ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ واﻷﻗﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ وﺗﺒﺨ ه . وﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮت اﻟﺬي ﺳُﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻪ، ﻳﻠـﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮاﻓﻖ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ واﻷﻗﻞ ﻛﺘﻠ ﺔ وﺗﺒﺨ ه . وﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮت اﻟﺬي ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺳـﻤﻪ ﻳﻠـﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﺑﺒﻂء . ﴍﻳﻜﻪ اﻟﺘﻌﻴﺲ ﻟﻜـﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ اﻟﺠﺮم ا ﺮاﻓﻖ رﺳـﻤﻴ ﺎً ﺎً ﻛﻮﻛﺒ ﺧﺎرج ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴـﻴﺔ وﻟـﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﺮ . ﺎً ﻧﺠﻤ ف اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ اﻟﺪوﱄ اﻟﻜﻮ ﻛﺐ ﺧـﺎرج ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴـﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧـﻪ م ﺟـﺮ ﺳﻤﺎوي ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 13 ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ا ﺸﱰي ﻳﺪور ﺣﻮل ﻧﺠﻢ أو ﻗﺰم ﺑﻨﻲ أو ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻧﺠﻤ ﻴﺔ، ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻨـﺎﺑﺾ . ﻣـﻦ ﺑ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴـﺔ ا ﻌﺮوﻓـﺔ اﻟﺒـﺎﻟﻎ ﻋـﺪدﻫﺎ 6000 ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ ﻳﻌـﺪ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻋﻤﻼﻗـ ) ﺎً ﻳـ ﻏﺎز ﺎً ﺑﻜﺘﻠـﺔ وﻧﺼــﻒ ﻗﻄـﺮ ودرﺟـﺔ ﺣـﺮارة ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ا ﺸﱰي اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ( ﻳﺪور ﺣﻮل ﻧﺠـﻢ ﻧﺎﺑﺾ . ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻀﺔ ﻣ ﻌﺮوف ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ . " ﻞ ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸﻜ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺮم ﻛﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻋـﺎدي؟ ﻻ، ﻷن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ " ، ﻗﺎل ﺗﺸﺎﻧﻎ . ﻫـﻞ ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﺖ . ﻣﺎ ﻧﺮاه وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺤﺪثﳾء ﻣﺎ ﻹﺑﻌـﺎد اﻷﻛﺴـﺠ واﻟﻨﻴﱰوﺟـ وﻫﻨـﺎ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺰ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻞ أﻻ ﻧﻌﺮف ﻛـﻞ .ﳾء ﻗﺎل روﻣﺎﻧﻲ :" أﺗﻄﻠﻊ إﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺮاﺑﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮا و ﻮي ﻼف اﻟﺠ ﺋﻊ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟـﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻟﻐـﺰ ﻧﺴـﻌﻰ ﻟﺤﻠـ و ﻪ ﺑﻔﻀـﻞ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ رؤﻳﺘـﻪ و ﺑﺎﻷﺷ ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء وﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻪ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻳ ﻌـﺪ ﻫـﺬا اﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓ ﺎً ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﻪ إﻻ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻔﺘﺢ أﻓﺎﻗﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة ﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ وﺗﻄﻮر اﻏﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ وﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﱪ رﺻﺪ دﻗﻴـﻖ ﻓﻤﻮﻗﻌـﻪ ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻠﻴـﻮن ﻣﻴـﻞ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرض ودرﻋـﻪ اﻟﺸ ﻤﴘ ـ اﻟﻀﺨﻢ ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻈـﺎن ﻋـﲆ ﺑـﺮودة اﻷﺟﻬﺰة وﻫـﻮ أﻣـ ﺮ ﴐوري ﻹﺟـﺮاء ﻫـﺬه اﻷ ﻻ رﺻﺎد ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ .ض ﻣﻦ اﻷر - ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2 0 2 6 ﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﺪارﻩ اﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮق اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻮﻛﺐ PSR J2322-2650b ﺳﺒﻊﺳﺎﻋﺎت وﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ دﻗـﺎﺋﻖ ﻓﻘـﻂ . ﻫـﺬا ـﺪو أﻧـﮫ ﻤﺘﻠـﻚ ﻏﻼﻓـﺎً ـﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ ﻳ درِسﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮبﺟ ﻤﺲو اﻟ ﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﺬ ـﺎً ﺟﻮ ـﮫ ﻳﻬـ ﻤﻦ ﻋﻠ اﻟﻬﻠﻴـﻮم واﻟﻜﺮـﻮن ﻋﻠﻰﻋﻜﺲ أيﻏﻼفﺟﻮي رﺻ ﺪﺳﺎ ﻘﺎً و ﺸ ِﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴ ﮫ اﻟ ـ ﺠﻮي ﺗﺤﺪ ﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﺎت اﻟ ـ ﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻟﺘ ﻮﻳﻦ اﻟ ﻮاﻛﺐ .