Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2026 ARABIC VERSION

ASTROPUBLISHING 29 where exactly it was coming from. “Sincethe‘90s,ithasnotbeenpos- sibletoexplainexcessinfraredemis- sionsthatcomefromhotdustatthe coresofactivegalaxies,meaningthe modelsonlytakeintoaccounteither thetorusortheoutflows,butcan- notexplainthatexcess,” saidLopez- Rodriguez. Such models found that most of the emission (and, there- fore,mass)closetothecentercame from outflows. To test this theory, then, astronomers needed two things:theabilitytofilterthestar- light that previously prevented a deeper analysis, and the ability to distinguishtheinfraredemissionsof the torus from those of the out- flows.Webb,sensitiveandtechno- logically sophisticated enough to meetbothchallenges,wasnecessary to advance our understanding. To look into the center of Circinus, Webb needed the Aperture Masking Interferometer tool on its NIRISS (Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph) instrument. On Earth, interferometers usually take the form of telescope arrays: mirrors or antennae that work together as if they were a single telescope. An in- terferometer does this by gathering and combining the light from whichever source it is pointed to- ward, causing the electromagnetic waves that make up light to “inter- fere”witheachother(hence,“inter- fere-ometer”) and creating interfer- encepatterns.Thesepatternscanbe analyzed by astronomers to recon- struct the size, shape, and features ofdistantobjectswithmuchgreater detailthannon-interferometrictech- niques. The Aperture Masking Interferome- ter allows Webb to become an array of smaller telescopes working to- gether as an interferometer, creat- ing these interference patterns by itself. It does this by utilizing a spe- cial aperture made of seven small, hexagonalholes,which,likeinpho- tography, controls the amount and direction of light that enters the telescope’s detectors. “These holes in the mask are transformed into small collectors of light that guide the light toward the detector of the camera and create an interference pattern,” said Joel Sanchez-Bermu- dez,co-authorbasedattheNational University of Mexico. With new data in hand, the research team was able to construct an image from the cen- tral region’s interference patterns. To do so, they referenced data from previous observations to ensuretheir data from Webb was free ofany artifacts. This resulted in the first extragalactic observation from an infrared interferometer in space. “By using an advanced imagingmode of the camera, we can effec-tively double its resolution over a smaller area of the sky,” Sanchez-Bermudez said. “This allows us to seeimagestwiceassharp.Insteadof Webb’s6.5-meterdiameter,it’slike we are observing this region with a 13-meterspacetelescope.” Thedata showed that contrary to the models predicting that the infrared excess comes from the outflows, around 87%oftheinfraredemissionsfrom hotdustinCircinuscomefromthe areasclosesttotheblackhole,while less than 1% of emissions come from hot dusty outflows. The re- maining12%comesfromdistances fartherawaythatcouldnotprevi- ouslybetoldapart. “Itisthefirsttime a high-contrast mode of Webb hasbeenusedtolookatanextra- galactic source,” said Julien Girard, paper co-author and senior research scientist at the Space Telescope Sci- enceInstitute. “Wehopeourwork inspiresotherastronomerstouse the Aperture Masking Interferome- termodetostudyfaint,butrela- tively small, dusty structures in the vicinityofanybrightobject.” ■ MARCH-APRIL2026 https://science.nasa.gov/asset/webb/circinus-galaxy-zoom/ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 29 ﻗﺎل ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺰ رودرﻳﻐﻴﺰ " : ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻟـﻢ ﻳ ﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ا ﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴ اﻧﺒ ﻌﺎﺛـﺎت اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟ ﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﰲ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﻨﺸـﻄﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺳـﻮى اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ أو اﻟﺘـﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴـﺔ، ﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻔﺴ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ." وﻗﺪ وﺟـﺪت ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻤﺎ ذج أن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ) اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ( ﺑـﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣـﻦ ا ﺮﻛـﺰ ﺗـﺄﺗﻲ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ . ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ اﺣﺘﺎج ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ إﱃ أﻣـﺮﻳﻦ أوﻻً : اﻟﻘـﺪرة ﻋﲆ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺿﻮء اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟـﺬي ﺣـﺎل دون إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ أﻋﻤـﻖ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘﺎً واﻟﻘـﺪرة ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠـﻚ اﻟﺼـﺎدرة ﻣـﻦ ا ﻟﺘـﺪﻓﻘﺎ ت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ . ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻪ وﺗﻄﻮره اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ا ﻟﻜـﺎﻓﻴ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﲆ ﻛﻼ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ ﴐورﻳـﺎً ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳـﺰ . ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳ ﺳﻴﻨﻮس اﺣﺘﺎج ﺗﻠﺴ ـﻜﻮب وﻳ ـﺐ إﱃ أداة ﻗﻴ ـﺎس اﻟﺘ ـﺪاﺧﻞ ﺑﺈﺧﻔﺎء اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ) (AMI ﻋﲆ ﺟﻬـﺎز ﻧـ س وﻫـﻮ ﻣﻘﻴـﺎس اﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮا ء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ س وا ﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺸـﻘﻮق . ﻋﲆ اﻷرض ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ أﺟﻬـﺰة اﻟﺘـﺪاﺧﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑ ، ﺎت ﻣﺮاﻳﺎ أو ﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺎت ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎً . واﺣﺪاً ﻳﻘﻮم ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ ﻋ ﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻣـﻦ أي ﻣﺼـﺪر ﻳﻮﺟَ ﻪ إﻟﻴﻪ ودﻣﺠـﻪ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳـﺆدي إﱃ ﺗـﺪاﺧﻞ ا ﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ا ﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀـﻬﺎ اﻟـﺒﻌﺾ ) وﻣـﻦ ﻫ ﻨـﺎ ﺟـﺎءت ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ " ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﺎً ﻣﻨﺘﺠ "( أﻧﻤـﺎط ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ . وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﻫـﺬه اﻷﻧﻤــﺎط ﻹﻋــﺎدة ﺑﻨــﺎء ﺣﺠــﻢ وﺷــﻜﻞ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ أدق ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻏ اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻠﻴـ ﻦ ﻜـ ﻳﻤ. ﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﺑﺈﺧﻔﺎء ا ﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ أن ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺼـﻐ ة اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﻣ ﺎً ﻌـ ﻛﻤﻘﻴـﺎس ﺗـﺪاﺧﻞ ﺿـﻮﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠـ ﺎً أﻧﻤـﺎط اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻫﺬه ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ وﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟـﻚ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳـﺒﻌﺔ ﺛﻘـﻮب ﺳﺪاﺳﻴﺔ ﺻﻐ ة واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗـﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ اﻟﺤـﺎل ﰲ اﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺗـﻮﻏﺮاﰲ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ واﺗﺠــﺎه اﻟﻀــﻮء اﻟــﺪاﺧﻞ إﱃ ﻛﻮاﺷــﻒ واﺗﺠــﺎه اﻟﻀــﻮء اﻟـــﺪاﺧﻞ إﱃ ﻛﻮاﺷــﻒ اﻟﺘ ﻠﺴﻜﻮب . ﻗﺎل ﺟﻮﻳﻞ ﺳﺎﻧﺸﻴﺰ - ﺑ ﻣـﻮدﻳﺰ ا ﺆﻟﻒ ا ﺸﺎرك ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌـﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ ﰲ ا ﻜﺴﻴﻚ " : ﺗﺘﺤﻮل ﻫﺬه اﻟﺜﻘﻮب ﰲ اﻟﻘﻨﺎع إﱃ ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺎت ﺻﻐ ة ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻧﺤﻮ ﻛﺎﺷـﻒ اﻟﻜـﺎﻣ ا وﺗﺨﻠـﻖ ﻧﻤـﻂ ﺗـﺪاﺧﻞ ." وﺑﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ا ﺘـﻮﻓﺮة ﺗﻤﻜـﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨ ﺎء ﺻـﻮرة ﻣـﻦ أﻧ ﻤـﺎط اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﰲ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ا ﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ وﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ذﻟـﻚ اﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﻮا ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ أرﺻﺎد ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤ ﺲ وﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ أي ﺗﺸﻮﻫﺎت وﻧﺘﺞ ﻋـﻦ ذﻟـﻚ أول رﺻﺪ ﺧـﺎرج ا ﺠـﺮة ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻘﻴـﺎس ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﺷ ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء . وأﺿﺎف - ﺳﺎﻧﺸﻴﺰ ﺑ ﻣـﻮدﻳﺰ ﺨﺪام ﺳـﺘ ﺑﺎ : " وﺿـﻊ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻘـﺪم ﻟﻠﻜـﺎﻣ ا ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ دﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻴ ﺎً ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ أﺻـﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﻫو ﺬا ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨـﺎ ﺑﺮؤﻳـﺔ ﺻـﻮر أﻛﺜـﺮ وﺿـﻮﺣ ﺎً ﺑﻤـﺮﺗ . ﻓﺒـﺪﻻً ﻣـﻦ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ 6.5 ﻣﱰ ﻳﺒـﺪو اﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻟـﻮ أﻧﻨـﺎ ﻧﺮﺻـﺪ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻄﺮه ١٣ ." ﻣﱰًا أﻇﻬﺮت ﺑﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻄﺮه 13 ."ﻣﱰاً أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت أﻧﻪ ﻋﲆ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﰲ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟ ﺤﻤﺮاء ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺣـﻮاﱄ 87 % ﻣـﻦ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﰲ ﺳ ﺳﻴﻨﻮس ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ا ﻨـﺎﻃﻖ اﻷﻗﺮب إﱃ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳ ﺄﺗﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 1 % ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ . أﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ا ﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ 12 % ﻓﺘﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت أﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣـﻦ ا ﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ . إﻧﻬﺎ ا ﺮة ا ﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ وﺿـﻊ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﺼﺪر ﺧـﺎرج ا ﺠـﺮة ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻗـﺎل ﺟﻮﻟﻴـ ﺎن ﺟ ارد ا ﺆﻟﻒ ا ﺸﺎرك ﰲ اﻟﻮرﻗـﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴـﺔ وﻛﺒ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬـ ﺪ ﻋﻠـﻮم ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻔﻀﺎء . ﻧﺄﻣﻞ أن ﻳ ﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﺑﺈﺧﻔﺎء اﻟﻔﺘﺤ ـﺔ ﰲ دراﺳــﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨ ـﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘ ـﺔ اﻟو ﺎً ﺼﻐ ة ﻧﺴﺒﻴ وا ﻐﻄﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﰲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ أي ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ . ﻌــﺮض ـــﺪﻳﻮ اﻟﻤ ﻫـــﺬا اﻟﻔ ﻘـــﺮ ﻣﻮﻗـــﻊ ﻣﺠـــﺮة ﺳ ﺳـــ ﻨﻮسﻓـــﻲ اﻟﺴـــﻤﺎء . ـــﺔ ـــﺪأ ﺼـــﻮرة أرﺿـــ ﺔ ﻟ ﻮﻛ ﻳ ﺳ ﺳــ ﻨﻮس اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻬــﺎ اﻟﻤﺼـــﻮر اﻟﻔﻠﻜــﻲ اﻟﺮاﺣـــﻞ أﻛــ ا ﻓـــﻮﺟﻲ . اﻟﻤﺸـــﻬﺪ ﺗــﺪر ﺠ ﺎً ﻌــﺪ ذﻟـــﻚ ﻘــ ﻣـــﻦ ﻣﺠﺮة ﺳ ﺳ ﻨﻮس ﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻘﻄﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺴﻤﺎوي اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲو ﺎﻣ ا ﻣﺴﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤـﺔ اﻟﻤﺜ ﺘـﮫ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮب ﻓ ﻜﺘـﻮرإم . ــﻮ ﻼﻧ ﻘﻄــﺮ 4 أﻣ ﺘــﺎر ﻓـﻲﻣﺮﺻــﺪ ﺳــ و ﺗﻮﻟﻮﻟـﻮ . ــﺪﻳﻮ إﻟــﻰ ﻨﺘﻘـﻞ اﻟﻔ ﺻـﻮرة اﻟﻀــﻮء اﻟﻤﺮــﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠــﺮة ﻣــﻦ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮبﻫﺎﺑـﻞ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ ﺛــﻢ ُﻜــّ أﻛــ ﻟ ُﻈﻬــﺮﺻــﻮرة ﻣﺮﻛــﺰاﻟﻤﺠــﺮة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎز ﻧ س ﻣﺼﻮ ) راﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ﺔ و اﻟ ﻤﻄ ﺎف ﺑﺈﺧﻔﺎء اﻟﻔﺘﺤـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ( ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب ﺟ ﻤﺲو ﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ﺔ . NASA, ESA, CSA, Alyssa [Pagan(STScI); Acknowledgment: CTIO, NSF’s NOIRLab, DSS, Akira Fujii] - ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2 0 2 6