Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2025 ARABIC VERSION

MARCH-APRIL2025 itrequiredover1,000Hubbleorbits, spanning more than a decade. This panorama started withthe Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury (PHAT) program about a decade ago. Images were obtained atnear-ultraviolet,visible,andnear- infrared wavelengths using the Ad- vancedCameraforSurveysandthe Wide Field Camera aboard Hubble to photograph the northern half of Andromeda. This program was followed up by thePanchromaticHubbleAndrom- eda Southern Treasury (PHAST), which added images of approxi- mately 100 million stars in the southern half of Andromeda. This region is structurally unique and more sensitive to the galaxy’s merger history than the northern disk mapped by the PHAT survey. The combined programs collectively covertheentirediskofAndromeda, which is seen almost edge-on — tilted by 77 degrees relative to Earth’sview.Thegalaxyissolarge thatthemosaicisassembledfrom approximately 600 separate fields ofview.Themosaicimageismade up of at least 2.5 billion pixels. The complementary Hubble sur- vey programs provide information about the age, heavy-element abundance and stellar masses inside Andromeda. This will allow as- tronomers to distinguish between competing scenarios where An- dromeda merged with one or more galaxies.Hubble’sdetailedmeasure- mentsconstrainmodelsofAndrom- eda’s merger history and disk evo- lution. ThoughtheMilkyWayandAndrom- edaformedpresumablyaroundthe same time many billions of years ago, observational evidence shows thattheyhaveverydifferentevolu- tionaryhistories,despitegrowingup inthesamecosmologicalneighbor- hood.Andromedaseemstobemore highlypopulatedwithyoungerstars and unusual features like coherent streamsofstars,sayresearchers.This implies it has a more active recent star-formation and interaction his- tory than the Milky Way. A possible culprit is the compact satellitegalaxyMessier32,whichre- semblesthestripped-downcoreof a once-spiral galaxy that may have interacted with Andromeda in the past. Computer simulations suggest that when a close encounter with another galaxy uses up all the avail- ableinterstellargas,starformation subsides.  ﺗًﻈﻬــــــــﺮ ﻫـــــــــﺬﻩ أﻛـــــــــ ﺻـــــــــﻮر ـــــــــﺔ ﻩ ﺎﻧﻮراﻣ ﺗـــــــــﻢ ﺗ ﻤ ﻌﻬــــﺎ ﻋﻠــــﻰ اﻹﻃــــﻼق ﻣــــﻦ ارﺻــــﺎد ﺗﻠﺴــــ ﻮب ﻫﺎﺑــــــﻞ اﻟﻔﻀــــــﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘــــــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮ ﺎﻟــــــﺔ ﻧﺎﺳــــــﺎ وو ﺎﻟــــــﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑ ﺔ . إﻧﻬـﺎ ﺻـ ـﺔ ﻟﻤﺠـﺮة ﻮرة ﺎﻧﻮراﻣ اﻟﻤﺮأة اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ) اﻧﺪروﻣ ﺪا ( اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة واﻟ ﺗﻘـــــــــﻊ ﻋﻠـــــــــﻰ ﻌـــــــــﺪ 2.5 ﻣﻠﻴـــــــــﻮنﺳـــــــــﻨﺔ ﺿـــــــــﻮﺋ ﺔ . اﺳﺘﻐﺮق اﻷﻣﺮ أﻛ ﻣﻦ 10 ﺳﻨﻮاتﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻫﺬﻩ ــــــﺖ اﻟﺼـــــﻮرة اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧــــــﺔ اﻟﻮاﺳــــــﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠــــــﺮة وﺗﻄﻠ أﻛـــــــ ﻣــــــــﻦ 600 ﻟﻘﻄــــــــﺔ ﻣــــــــﻦ ﺗﻠﺴــــــــ ﻮب . ﻫﺎﺑــــــــﻞ ـــــــﺔ ﺟـــــــﺪاً اﻟﻤﺠـــــــﺮة ﻗﺮ ـــــــﺚ ﻳ ﻠـــــــﻎ ﺣ ﻤﻬـــــــﺎ ﻣﻨـــــــﺎ ﺣ اﻟــﺰاويﺳــﺘﺔ أ ﺿــﻌﺎف اﻟﻘﻄــﺮ اﻟﻈــﺎﻫﺮي ﻟﻠﻘﻤــﺮ اﻟﻤﺠــــــــﺮدة ـــــــﺎﻟﻌ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻤـــــــﻞ و ﻤﻜـــــــﻦ رؤ ﺘﻬــــــــﺎ . ﺎﻟﻨﺴـــ ﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻈـــﺮﻫﺎﺑـــﻞ اﻟـــﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻓﻬـــﺬﻩ ﻣﺴـــﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻤﺎو ﺔ ﻛﺒ ة ﻟﺘﻐﻄ ﺘﻬﺎ . ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻂﻫﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺼـﻮرة اﻟ ــــﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻫﻠـــــﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧــــﺔ ﺗـــــﻮﻫﺞ ﺎﻧﻮراﻣ ﺣـــــﻮاﻟﻲ 200 ـﻢ وﻫــﺬا ﺟـﺰء ﺿـﺌﻴﻞ ﻣــﻦ ﻣﻠﻴـﻮن ﻧ اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم . ﺗﻨﺘﺸـﺮ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﻋــ ﺣـﻮاﻟﻲ 2.5 ـﺎر ﻜﺴـﻞ ﻣﻠ إن . ﻫـــــــــﺬ ٠ ﺗــــــــــﻢ اﻟﻨﻈـــــــــﺮة اﻟﺘﻔﺼــــــــــ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠـــــــــﻮم اﻟـــــــــ ــــــﺪﻫﺎ ﺳــــــﻮف ﺗﺴــــــﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻤــــــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠــــــﻚ ﻋﻠــــــﻰ ﺗﺤﺪ ﺘﻀــــﻤﻦ ﺗ ﻤﻴـــﻊ ﺗـــﺎر ﺦ اﻟﻤﺠــــﺮة اﻟﻤﺎﺿـــﻲواﻟـــﺬ اﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﺎت ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﺮات ﺗﺎ ﻌﺔ أﺻﻐﺮ . [NASA, ESA, B. Williams (University of Washington)] ﺗﺘﻀــﻤﻦ ﻌـــﺾ اﻟﻤﻨـــﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺜـــ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤـــﺎم ﻓـــﻲ ـــﺔ اﻟﺼـــﻮرة اﻟ ﺎﻧﻮراﻣ ( أ: ﻣـــﺎ ﻠـــﻲ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋـــﺔ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـــﻮم اﻟﺰرﻗﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻌﺔ ا ﻟﻤﻀﻤﻨﺔ داﺧـﻞ اﻟﻤﺠـﺮة، واﻟﻤﺠـﺮات اﻟـ ـ ﺗُـﺮى ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ أ ﻌـﺪ ﻜﺜـ واﻟﻘﺼـﻒ ﺨﻠﻔ ﺔ اﻟـ ــﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﻮدة ﺎﻟﻔﻌــﻞ داﺧــﻞ ﻣﺠــﺮة اﻟﻀــﻮﺋﻲ ﺑﻮاﺳــﻄﺔ زوج ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم اﻟﺴــﺎﻃﻌﺔ اﻷﻣﺎﻣ در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧــﺔ؛ ب ( NGC206 اﻟﺴﺤﺎ ﺔ اﻟﻨ ﻤ ﺔ اﻷﻛ وﺿﻮﺣًﺎ ﻓﻲﻣﺠﺮة اﻟﻤﺮأة اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ؛ ج ( ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺻﻐ ة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟ ﺰرﻗـﺎء ﺣﺪ ﺜــﺔ اﻟـﻮﻻدة؛ د ( اﻟﻤﺠـﺮة اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ـﺔ M32 اﺻــﻄﺪﻣﺖ ــﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠـﺮة اﻟـ ـﻮن اﻟﻨـﻮاة اﻟﻤﺘ ﻘ ﻗـﺪ ﺗ ، واﻟـ ذات ﻳﻮم ﻤﺠﺮة أﻧﺪروﻣ ﺪا؛ ﻫـ ( ﻣﻤﺮات اﻟﻐ ﺎراﻟﺪاﻛﻨﺔ ﻋ ﻋﺪد ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻰﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . .[NASA,ESA,B.Williams(UniversityofWashington)] ﰲ ا ﺠﻤﻞ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ اﻷﻣﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ 1000 ﻣﺪار ﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻣـﺪى أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن . ﺑﺪأت ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة اﻟﺒﺎﻧﻮراﻣﻴـﺔ ﺑﱪﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﺠﺮة ا ﺮأة ا ﺴﻠﺴـﻠﺔ PHAT) ( ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮاﱄ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣـﺎن . ﺗـﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﺼﻮر ﺑﺄﻃﻮال ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ وا ﺮﺋﻴﺔ واﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺎﻣ ا ا ﺘﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺢ واﻟﻜﺎﻣ ا ذات ا ﺠﺎل اﻟﻮاﺳـﻊ ﻋـﲆ ﻣـﺘﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑ ـﻞ ﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﺼــﻒ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮة ا ﺮاة ا ﺴﻠﺴـﻠﺔ . وﺗﺒـﻊ ﻫﺬا اﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ــ ﻫﺬا اﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﺠﺮة ا ﺮأة ا ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺬي أﺿﺎف اً ﺻﻮر ـﺎ ﻳﻘـﺮب ﻣـﻦ 100 ﻣﻠﻴـﻮن ﻧﺠـﻢ ﰲ اﻟﻨﺼـﻒ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮة ا ﺮأة ا ﺴﻠ .ﺴﻠﺔ إن ﻫﺬه ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﺮﻳـﺪة ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻴـﺚ اﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ وأﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻧﺪﻣﺎج ا ﺠﺮة ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ اﻟـﺬي ﺗـﻢ رﺳـﻢ ﺧﺮاﺋﻄـﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺴﺢ PHAT) ( ﺗﻐﻄـﻲ اﻟـﱪاﻣﺞ ا ﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻤـﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻘـﺮص اﻟﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﺠﺮة ا ﺮأة ا ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ واﻟﺬ ي ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ رؤﻳﺘـﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﺎﺋﻼً ﺑﻤﻘﺪار 77 درﺟـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻷرض . ا ﺠﺮة ﻛﺒـ ة ﺟـﺪًا ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺒﺎﻧﻮراﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮاﱄ 600 ﺣﻘﻞ رؤﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ . اﻟ ﺼﻮرة اﻟﺒﺎﻧﻮراﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ 2.5 ﻣﻠﻴـﺎر ﺑﻜﺴﻞ ﻋﲆ اﻷﻗﻞ . ﺗــﻮﻓﺮ ﺑــﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﺴــﺢ ﻫﺎﺑــﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴــﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣـﻮل اﻟﻌﻤـﺮ ووﻓـﺮة اﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ واﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻤ ﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺮة ا ـﺮأة ا ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ . ﺳﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻫﺬا ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﺑـﺎﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑـ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﺎت ا ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴـﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ اﻧـﺪﻣﺠﺖ ا ﺮأة ا ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﺮة واﺣـﺪة أو أﻛﺜـﺮ . ﺗﻘﻴـﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﺎت ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺼـﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻤـﺎذج ﺗﺎر ﻳﺦ اﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﻣﺠﺮة ا ﺮأة ا ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ وﺗﻄﻮر ﻗﺮﺻﻬﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻟـ ﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ أن ﻣﺠﺮﺗـﻲ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ و ا ﺮأة ا ﺴﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻔـﺲ ا ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﻨـﺬ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎرات اﻟﺴـﻨ ﻓـﺈن اﻷدﻟﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪﻳﻪ ﺗﺸـ إﱃ أﻧﻬﻤـﺎ ﺗﺘ ﻤﺘﻌـﺎن ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻄﻮري ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻢ ﻏ ﻋـﲆ اﻟـﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺄﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﻲ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ . ﻳﺒ ـﺪو أن ﻣﺠ ـﺮة ا ـﺮأة ا ﺴﻠﺴ ـﻠﺔ أﻛﺜ ـﺮ اﻛﺘﻈﺎﻇﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﻨﺎً واﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻏ اﻟﻌﺎ دﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻴﺎرات اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن وﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ أن ﺗـﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜـﺔ ﻟـ ﺪﻳﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎً ﻣﻦ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ وﻣﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤـﻞ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﻮ ا ﺠﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ا ﺪﻣﺠﺔ ﻣﺴﻴﻴﻪ 32 اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻨﻮاة ا ﻨﺰوﻋـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺠﺮة ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ رﺑﻤـﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠـﺖ ﻣـﻊ ا ـﺮأ ة ا ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ . ﰲ ا ﺎﴈ ﺗﺸ ا ﺤﺎﻛﺎة اﻟﺤﺎﺳـﻮﺑﻴﺔ إﱃ أﻧـﻪ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ اﻻﻗﱰاب اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﺮة أﺧـﺮى ﻛﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺘـﻮﻓﺮ ﻓـﺈن ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻳﻬﺪأ . ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ - ﻣﺎﺭﺱ 2 0 2 5