Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2026 ARABIC VERSION

JANUARY-FEBRUARY2026 out into space. We’ve now managed to do this for the first time.” As a CME travels through the layers of a star out into interplanetary space, it produces a shock wave and associated burst of radio waves (a type of light). This short, intense radio signal was pickedup by Joe and colleagues and found to come froma star lying around 130 light-years away. “This kind of radio signal just wouldn’texistunlessma- terialhadcompletelyleft thestar’sbubbleofpowerfulmag- netism,” addsJoe. “Inotherwords: it’scausedbyaCME.” Thematter- flinging star is a red dwarf – a type of star far fainter, cooler, and smaller than the Sun. It is nothing likeourownstar:ithasroughlyhalf themass,itrotates20timesfaster, and has a magnetic field 300 times morepowerful.Mostoftheplanets known to exist in the Milky Way orbit this kind of star. The radio signal was spotted using the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) radiotelescopethankstonewdata processing methods developed by co-authorsCyrilTasseandPhilippe ZarkaattheObservatoiredeParis- PSL. The team then used ESA’s XMM-Newton to determine the star’s temperature, rotation, and brightness in X-ray light. This was essentialtointerprettheradiosig- nal and figure out what was ac- tually going on. “We needed the sensitivityandfrequencyofLOFAR to detect the radio waves,” says co- author David Konijn, a PhD stu- dent working with Joe at ASTRON. “And without XMM-Newton, we wouldn’t have been able to deter- minetheCME’smotionorputitin a solar context, both crucial for provingwhatwe’dfound.Neither telescope alone would have been enough – we needed both.” The researchersdeterminedtheCMEto be moving at a super-fast 2400 km per second, a speed only seen in 1 ofevery2000CMEstakingplaceon theSun.Theejectionwasbothfast and dense enough to completely strip away the atmospheres of any planetscloselyorbitingthestar.he atmosphere-stripping ability of the CMEisanexcitingdiscoveryforour hunt for life around other stars. Aplanet’shabitabilityforlife,aswe know it, is defined by its distance from its parent star – whether or notitsitswithinthestar’s‘habitable zone’, a region where liquid water can exist on the surface of planets withsuitableatmospheres.Thisisa Goldilocks scenario: too close to the star is too hot, too far is too cold, and in between is just right. But what if that star is especially active, regularly throwing out dangerous eruptionsofmaterialandtriggering violent storms? A planet regularly bombarded by powerful coronal mass ejections may lose its atmos- phereentirely,leavingabarrenrock behind – an uninhabitable world, despite its orbit being ‘just right’. “Thisworkopensupanewobserva- tionalfrontierforstudyingandun- derstanding eruptions and space weather around other stars,” adds Henrik Eklund, an ESA research fellow based at the European SpaceResearchandTech- nologyCentre(ESTEC)in Noordwijk, The Nether- lands. “We’re no longer limitedtoextrapolating ourunderstandingofthe Sun's CMEs to other stars. It seems that in- tensespaceweathermay be even more extreme around smaller stars – the primary hostsof po- tentially habitable exoplanets. This hasimportantimplicationsforhow theseplanetskeepholdoftheirat- mospheres and possibly remain hab- itable over time.” The finding also informsourunderstandingofspace weather, something that’s long beenafocusforESAmissionsandis currently being explored by SOHO, the Proba missions, Swarm, and Solar Orbiter. XMM-Newton, meanwhile, is aleading explorer of the hot and ex- treme Universe. Launched in 1999, the space telescope has gazed into the cores of galaxies, studied starsto understand how they evolve, in- vestigated the environs of black holes, and spotted intense bursts of energetic radiation from distantstars and galaxies. “XMM-Newton is now helping us discover how CMEs vary by star, something that’s not only interesting in our study of stars and our Sun, but also our hunt for habitable worlds around other stars,” says ESA XMM-Newton Proj- ect Scientist Erik Kuulkers. “It also demonstratestheimmensepower of collaboration, which underpinsall successful science. The discovery wasatrueteameffort,andresolves the decades-long search for CMEs beyondtheSun.”  ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 47 ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﻴﺔ ﺎً واﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛ ﺎً ﻣﺮاﻓﻘ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ) وﻫﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أ ﺷـﻜﺎل اﻟﻀـﻮء .( اﻟـﺘﻘﻂ ﺟـﻮ وﻓﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻫﺬ اﻹ ه ﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺼ ة واﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪة ووﺟﺪوا أﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋـﲆ ﺑُﻌـﺪ ﻧﺤﻮ 130 . ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻮل ﺟـﻮ :» ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻨـﻮع ﻣـﻦ اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣـﺎ ﻟـﻢ ﺗﻜـﻦ ا ـﺎدة ﻗـﺪ ﻏﺎدرت ﺗﻤﺎﻣـ ﺎ ﻓﻘﺎﻋـﺔ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻳـﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨ ـﻰ آﺧــﺮ : ﺳــﺒﺒﻪ اﻧﺒﻌــﺎث ﻛــﺘﲇ إﻛﻠﻴﲇ « . اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﻟﺬي ﻗﺬف ﻫـﺬه ا ﺎدة ﻫﻮ ﻗﺰم أﺣﻤﺮ وﻫﻮ ﻧـﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم أﺧﻔﺖ ﺑﻜﺜ وأﺑـﺮد ﺠ وأﺑﺮد وأﺻﻐﺮ أ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ وﻫﻮ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣـ ﺎ ﻋـﻦ ﻧﺠ : ﻤﻨـﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺎرب ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ وﻳـﺪور ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﺗﻔﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﺑـ 20 ﻣﺮة ًوﻳﻤﺘﻠـﻚ ﻣﺠـﺎﻻً ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴ ﺎ أﻗـﻮى ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑﻨﺤـﻮ 300 ﻣـﺮة وﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ا ﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﰲ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـﺔ ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮ ل ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وﻗـﺪ ﺗـﻢ رﺻﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻟﻮﻓﺎر ﺑﻔﻀ ﻞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎتﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻃﻮ رﻫﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎن ﺳ ﻳﻞ ﺗﺎس وﻓﻴﻠﻴﺐ زارﻛﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ ﺛﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ إﻛﺲ إم إم ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟـﺔ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء اﻷ وروﺑﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳــﺪ درﺟـﺔ ﺣـﺮارة اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ و ﴎﻋﺔ دوراﻧﻪ وﺳﻄﻮﻋﻪ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ وﻛﺎن ذﻟﻚﴐورﻳ ﺎً ﻟﺘﻔﺴ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ وﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ . ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ا ﺸﺎرك دﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﻮﻧ ، ﻃﺎﻟـﺐ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮي اﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪي أﺳﱰ ) ":(ون اﺣﺘﺠﻨﺎ إﱃ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻟﻮﻓﺎر وﺗﺮدداﺗﻪ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ وﻣﻦ دون ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ إﻛـﺲ إم إم ﻧﻴــﻮﺗﻦ ﻣــﺎ ﻛﻨـﺎ ﻟﻨﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻌـﺎث اﻟﻜـﺘﲇ اﻻﻛﻠﻴﲇ أو وﺿﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎق ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ وﻫﻤـﺎ ﻋﻨﺼــ ـ ﺮان أﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺎن ﻹﺛﺒـﺎت ﻣـﺎ وﺟ ـﺪﻧﺎه . ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔ ـﻲ أيﱞ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴــﻜﻮﺑ ﺑﻤﻔﺮده ﻛﻨـﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﺟـ ﺔ إﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤـﺎ « . ووﺟـﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن أن اﻟﻘـﺬف اﻟﻜـﺘﲇ ﻛـﺎن ﻳﺘﺤـﺮك ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ 2400 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰ ﰲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ ﴎﻋﺔ ﻻ ﻧﺮاﻫﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ إﻻ ﰲ ﺣﺪث ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛـﻞ 2000 اﻧﺒﻌـﺎث ﻛـﺘﲇ اﻛـﻴﲇ ﺎً ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ وﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﺎً ﴎﻳﻌـ ﺎً وﻛﺜﻴﻔـ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻻﻧﺘﺰاع اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟ ﺠﻮي ﻷي ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﻳﺪور ﻗﺮﻳﺒ ﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ . إن ﻗﺪرة ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﻋﲆ إزاﻟﺔ اﻷﻏﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻣﺜـ ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎق ﺑﺤ ﺜﻨـﺎ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﺤﻴـﺎة ﺣـﻮل اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ أ ي ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة - ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ - ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﻣﻮﻗﻌـﻪ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﺠﻤﻪ اﻷم وﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻳﻘﻊ داﺧﻞ ا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة ﺣ ﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻞ أن ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻋﲆ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ إذا اﻣﺘﻠﻚ ﻏﻼﻓًﺎ ﺟﻮﻳـ ﺎً إ. ﺎً ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒ ﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮ » ﻏﻮﻟﺪﻳﻠﻮﻛﺲ « : ﻗﺮﻳﺐ اً ﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻜﻮن ﺣﺎر اً ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﺪ اً ﻓﻴﻜﻮن ﺑﺎرد اً وﰲ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒ . ﺎً ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣـﺎذا ﻟـﻮ ﻛـﺎن اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﻧﺸﻄ ﺎً ﺑﺸﺪة ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈـﺎم ﺛـﻮرات ﺧﻄﺮة ﻣﻦ ا ـﺎدة ﺗﺜـ ﻋﻮاﺻـﻒ ﻋﻨﻴﻔـﺔ؟ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻤﺮار ﻻﻧﺒﻌـﺎث ﻛﺘﲇ إﻛﻠﻴﲇ ﻗﻮي ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﻘـﺪ ﻏﻼﻓـﻪ اﻟﺠـﻮي ﺎً ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺻـﺨﺮة ﻗﺎﺣﻠـﺔ ﻋـﺎﻟﻢ ﻏ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ رﻏﻢ وﻗﻮﻋـﻪ ﰲ » ا ﻜـﺎن ا ﻨﺎﺳﺐ . ﺎً ﻧﻈﺮﻳ « ﻳﻘﻮل ﻫﻨﺮﻳﻚ إﻛﻠﻮﻧﺪ، زﻣﻴﻞ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث ﰲ وﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ﺮﻛﺰ اﻷوروﺑــﻲ ﻷﺑﺤــﺎث وﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ـﺎ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ﺑﻬﻮ »: ﻟﻨﺪا ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ﺟﺒﻬـﺔ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺜـﻮرات واﻟﻄﻘـﺲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻷﺧـﺮى . ﻟـﻢ ﻧﻌـﺪ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ . ﻳﺒﺪو أن اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺣـﻮل اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺼﻐ ة ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن أﺷﺪ ﻋﻨﻔًﺎ ﻫـﺬه و اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻫﻲ ا ﻀﻴﻔﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻫﻲ ا ﻀﻴﻔﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ وﻫﺬا ﻟـﻪ آﺛـﺎر ﻣﻬﻤــﺔ ﻋــﲆ ﻛﻴﻔﻴ ـﺔ اﺣﺘ ﻔﺎظ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﺑﺄﻏﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة ﻋﱪ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ « . ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳ ﺴﻬﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﰲ ﻓﻬﻤﻨـﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﻘ ــﺲ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻲ وﻫ ــﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ر ﺰت ﻋﻠ ﻛـ ﻴـﻪ وﻛﺎﻟـﺔ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴـــﺔ ﻃـــﻮﻳﻼً وﺗﺪرﺳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴـ ﺎً ﻣﻬﻤـﺎت ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺳﻮﻫﻮ وﺑﺮوﺑﺎ و ﺳﻮارم وﺳﻮﻻر اوﺑﻴ أﻣـﺎ ﱰ إﻛـﺲ إم إم ﻧﻴـﻮﺗﻦ ﻓﻬﻮ أﺣﺪ أﻫﻢ ا ﺮاﺻﺪ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻜـﻮن اﻟﺤﺎ ر واﻟﻌﻨﻴﻒ . وﻣﻨـﺬ إﻃﻼﻗـﻪ اﻟﺤﺎر واﻟﻌﻨﻴﻒ وﻣﻨـﺬ إﻃﻼﻗـﻪ ﻋـﺎم 1999 رﺻﺪ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ا ﺠﺮات ودرس اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﺗﻄﻮرﻫﺎ وﺣﻘﻖ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء وﻛﺸﻒ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺠﻮم وﻣﺠـﺮات ﺑﻌﻴﺪة . ﻳﻘﻮل إ ﻳﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﻟﻜﺮز ﴩوع ـ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣـ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ إﻛﺲ إم إم ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﰲ وﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ :» ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻫ ﺬا ا ﺮﺻـﺪ اﻵن ﻋـﲆ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ اﺧـﺘﻼف اﻻﻧﺒﻌـﺎث اﻟﻜـﲇ اﻻﻛﻠﻴﲇ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻵﺧﺮ وﻫﻮ أﻣﺮ ﻣ ﻬﻢ ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم واﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺑﻞ أﻳﻀـﺎُ ﰲ ﺑﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻮاﻟﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻷﺧﺮى . إذ ﺗﺸ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ إﱃ أن ﻓﻬـﻢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻨﺸﻄ ﺔ ﻟـﻢ ﻳﻌـﺪ ﻣﺠـﺮد ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑـﻞ ﺧﻄـﻮة أﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻷرض . ﻓﻜﻞ ﺗﻐـ ﰲ ﻗ ـﻮة اﻟﺤﻘــﻮل ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻴﺔ أو ﻣﻌ ـﺪل اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪد ﻣﺼ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻮاﻟﻢ، وﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ ﻣـﺪى ﻗـﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺎ ﺎء وا ﻮاد ا ﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة . ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻔﺖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه إﱃ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌـﺔ ﻫـﺬه اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻋـﱪ أﻃـﻮال ﻣﻮﺟﻴـﺔ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدة، ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻋ ﻼت ﺑـ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ وﻛﻮاﻛﺒﻪ ا ﺴﺘﻀﻴﻔﺔ وﻓﻬـﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗﻄﻮر ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﱪ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸ ﺎف اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎون اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﺛﻤﺮة ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ وﺣﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﻋﻦ رﺻﺪ اﻟﻘﺬف اﻟﻜﺘﲇ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺸﻤﺲ . ﺗﺼﻮر ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎر ﻓ إﻛﺲ إم إم ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ [ESA-C. Carreau] - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 6