Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2026 ARABIC VERSION

JANUARY-FEBRUARY2026 staranditsexplosioncouldbe,and were,observedtogether,” saysDiet- rich Baade, an ESO astronomerin Germany, and co-author of the studypublishedin ScienceAdvances . “The geometry of a supernova ex- plosionprovidesfundamentalinfor- mationonstellarevolutionandthe physicalprocessesleadingtothese cosmic fireworks,” Yang explains. The exact mechanisms behind su- pernova explosions of massive stars, those with more than eight times the mass of the Sun, are still de- bated and are one of the funda- mentalquestionsscientistswantto address. This supernova’s progeni- torwasaredsupergiantstar,witha mass12to15timesthatoftheSun andaradius500timeslarger,mak- ing SN 2024ggi a classical example of a massive-star explosion. Weknowthatduringitslifeatypi- calstarkeepsitssphericalshapeas aresultofaverypreciseequilibrium ofthegravitationalforcethatwants tosqueezeitandthepressureofits nuclear engine that wants toex- pandit.Whenitrunsoutofitslast source of fuel, the nuclear engine starts sputtering.For massivestars thismarksthebeginningofasuper- nova:thecoreofthedyingstarcol- lapses, the mass shells around fall onto it and bounce off. This re- bound shock then propagates out- ward,disruptingthestar.Oncethe shockbreaksthroughthesurface,it unleashes immense amounts of en- ergy — the supernova then bright- ens dramatically and becomes ob- servable. During a short-lived phase, the su- pernova’s initial ‘breakout’ shape can be studied before the explosion interacts with the material sur- rounding the dying star. This is what astronomers have now achieved for the very first time with ESO's VLT, using a technique called ‘spectropo- larimetry’. “Spectropolarimetry de- livers information about the geo- metry of the explosion that other typesofobservationcannotprovide because theangular scale saretootiny,” says Lifan Wang, co-author andprofessorattheTexas A&MUniversityintheUS, whowasastudentatESO atthestartofhisastron- omycareer.Eventhough the exploding star ap- pears as a single point, the polarisation of its lightcarrieshiddenclues aboutitsgeometry,which theteamwereabletoun- ravel.Theonlyfacilityin thesouthernhemisphere capable of capturing the shape of a supernova through such a measure- mentistheFORS2instru- ment installed on the VLT. With the FORS2 data, the astronomers found that the initial blastofmaterialwas shaped like an olive. As the explo- sion spread outwards and collided withthematteraroundthestar,the shapeflattenedbuttheaxisofsym- metry of the ejecta remained the same. “These findings suggest a common physical mechanism that drives the explosion of many mas- sivestars,whichmanifestsawell-de- fined axial symmetry and acts on large scales,” according to Yang. With this knowledge astronomers canalreadyruleoutsomeofthecur- rentsupernovamodelsandaddnew informationtoimproveotherones, providinginsightsintothepowerful deathsofmassivestars. “Thisdiscov- ery not only reshapes our under- standing of stellar explosions, but also demonstrates what can be achieved when science transcends borders,” says co-author and ESO as- tronomer Ferdinando Patat. “It’s a powerful reminder that curiosity, collaboration, and swift action can unlock profound insights into the physicsshapingourUniverse.”  https://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/videos/eso2520a/ ا ـﴪﻋﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ ر ﻗﺮب ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ واﺧﱰﻗــﺖ ﺳـﻄﺢ اﻟــﻨﺠﻢ وﺧـﻼل ﺑﻀـﻊ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت أﻣﻜ ﻛﻞ رﺻﺪ ﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ واﻧﻔﺠﺎره ﻣ .ﺎً ﻌ وﺗﻮﺿـﺢ ﻳـﺎﻧﻎ ﻗﺎﺋﻠـﺔ إن ": ﻫﻨﺪﺳـﺔ اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷ ﻋﻈـﻢ ﺗـﻮﻓّﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎت أﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻋــﻦ ﺗﻄـﻮ ر اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻘـﻮد إﱃ ﻫـﺬه اﻷﻟﻌﺎب اﻟﻨﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ " . وﻻ ﺗﺰال اﻵ ﻟﻴـﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ وراء اﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ أي اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻔـﻮق ﻛﺘﻠﺔُ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻮﺿـﻊ ﻧﻘـﺎش وﻫـﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺑـ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴـﻌﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء إﱃ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ . ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺠ ﻢ اﻟﺴـﻠﻒ ﻟﻬـﺬا ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻧﺠﻤ ﺎً ﻋﻤﻼﻗًﺎ أﺣﻤـ ﺮ ﺗﺒﻠـﻎ ﻛﺘ ﻠﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ 12 إﱃ 15 ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ وﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮه أﻛﱪ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ 500 ﻣﺮة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ SN 2024ggi ﻣﺜﺎﻻً ﺎً ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴ ﻋﲆ اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر ﻧﺠﻢٍ ﺿﺨﻢ . ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أﻧﻪ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻋﲆ ﺷ ﻜﻠﻪ اﻟﻜﺮوي ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻮازن دﻗﻴﻖ ﺟـﺪ اً ﺑ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺤـﺎول ﺿـﻐﻄﻪ وﺿـﻐﻂ ﻣﺤﺮﻛ ـﻪ اﻟﻨـﻮوي ا ﻟ ـﺬي ﻳﺴـﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ . وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﺪ آﺧﺮ ﻣﺼـﺪر 26 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ رﺻﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈـﻢ ﻌـﺪ ﻳـﻮم واﺣـﺪ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻣـﻦ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﮫ ﻷول ﻣـﺮة . ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻠـﮫ اﻟﻤ ﻜـﺮة ﻟـﻢ ﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ اﻻ ﻧﻔﺠـــ ـــﺎﻟﻨ ﻢ ﻟـــﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻤﻜـــ ﺎر ﻌـــﺪ ﻣـــﻊ اﻟﻤـــﺎدة اﻟﻤﺤ ﻄـــﺔ ـــﺔ ﺷـــ ﻠﮫ اﻟـــ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـــﺎء ﻷول ﻣـــﺮة ﻣـــﻦ رؤ ـ ﺤﻘ ﻘﻲ ـــﺔ اﻧﺘﺸـــﺎرﻩ ﻋـــ وﻛ ﻔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ وﺗﺄﺛ ﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة واﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺤ ﻄﺔ ﻠﺨ. ﺺﻫﺬا اﻟﻔ ﺪﻳﻮ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ] . ESO [ ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ و . ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﺪ آﺧﺮ ﻣﺼـﺪر ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮد ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻳﺒﺪأ ا ﺤﺮك ا ﻟﻨﻮوي ﰲ اﻟﺘﻮﻗـﻒ ﻋــﻦ اﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ﺗـﺪرﻳﺠﻴ . ﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻀـﺨﻤﺔ، ﻳﺸـ ﻫـﺬ ا إﱃ ﺑﺪاﻳـﺔ اﻧﻔﺠــﺎر اﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮﻧﻮﻓﺎ ﺗ: ﻨﻬﺎر ﻧﻮاة اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺤﺘـ ﴬـ وﺗﺴﻘﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺗﺮﺗـﺪ . ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﴩـﻨﺘﺗ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺼـﺪﻣﺔ ا ﺮﺗـﺪة إﱃ اﻟﺨﺎر ج ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﱃ ﺗﻤﺰﻳﻖ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﴩ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ ا ﺮﺗﺪة ﺳـﻄﺢ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﻓ ﻴ ﺘـﻮﻫﺞ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒ و ﻳ ﺎً ﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺮﺋﻴ ﻟﻠﺮﺻﺪ . ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻗﺼ ة اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ دراﺳ ـﺔ اﻟﺸ ـﻜﻞ اﻷوﱄ ﻻﻧﻔﺠ ـﺎر ا ﺴــﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣ ﻊ ا ـﺎدة ا ﺤﻴﻄـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺤﺘﴬ وﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟ ﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟ ﺪاً ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﻨ ﻴـﺔ ﺗُﻌـﺮف ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ " اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ." ﻗﺎل ﻟﻴﻔﺎن واﻧﻎ ا ﺆﻟﻒ ا ﺸـﺎرك وأﺳـﺘﺎذ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺎس اﻟﺰراﻋﻴـﺔ وا ﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت ا ﺘﺤﺪة و اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻃﺎﻟﺒ ﰲ ﺎً ا ﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑــﻲ اﻟﺠﻨــﻮﺑﻲ ﰲ ﺑﺪاﻳــﺔ ﻣﺴــ ﺗﻪ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴ ـﺔ :” ﻳــﻮﻓﺮ اﻻﺳ ـﺘﻘﻄﺎب اﻟﻄﻴﻔــﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣــﺎت ﺣــﻮل ﻫﻨﺪﺳــﺔ اﻻﻧﻔﺠــﺎر ﻻ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣــﺎت ﺣــﻮل ﻫﻨﺪﺳــﺔ اﻻﻧﻔﺠ ـﺎر ﻻ ﺗﺴ ـﺘﻄﻴﻊ أﻧ ـﻮاع اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻷﺧـﺮى ﺗﻘـﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ ، ﻷن ا ﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ﺻﻐ ة ﺟـﺪ اً وﻋ ـﲆ اﻟ ـﺮﻏﻢ ﻣ ـﻦ أن اﻟ ـﻨ ﺠﻢ ا ﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ واﺣـﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﺈن اﺳـﺘﻘﻄﺎب ﻪ ﺋﺿـﻮ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ دﻻﺋﻞ ﺧﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻨﺪﺳ ﺘﻪ واﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﻤﻜــﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳــﻖ ﻣــﻦ ﻛﺸــﻔﻬﺎ وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬــﺎ . ا ﺮﻓــﻖ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﰲ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﻘ ـﺎدر ﻋ ـﲆ اﻟﺘﻘ ـﺎط ﺷ ـﻜﻞ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻫـﻮ ﺟﻬـﺎز FORS2 ا ﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﲆ اﻟ ﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪاً . اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اً ﻋﲆ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺟﻬﺎز FORS2 اﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ أن اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻷوﱄ ﻟ ﻠﻤﺎدة ﻛــﺎن ذا ﺷــﻜﻞ ﻳﺸــﺒﻪ ﺔ ﺣﺒــ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن وﻣﻊ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎر ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺨﺎرج واﺻﻄﺪاﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺎ دة ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﻢ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺸـﻜﻞ أﻛﺜ ـﺮ ﺗﺴـﻄﺤًﺎ، إﻻ أن ﻣﺤـﻮر اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺬوﻓﺎت ﻇﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘًـﺎ . ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﻢ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺴﻄﺤ ﺎً إﻻ أن ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺬوﻓﺎت ﻇﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘًﺎ . ووﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻴﺎﻧﻎ، ﻓﺈن ” ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺸـ إﱃ وﺟﻮد آﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﱰﻛﺔ ﺗ ﺤﻜﻢ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ وﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ اً ﺎً ﻣﺤﻮرﻳــ اً ﻣﺤ ـﺪد ﺑﻮﺿــﻮح وﺗﻌﻤ ـﻞ ﻋ ـﲆ ﻣ ﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻛﺒـ ة “ . وﺑﻔﻀـﻞ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻌﺮﻓـﺔ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎن ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﺳﺘﺒﻌ ﺎد ﺑﻌـﺾ ﻧﻤــﺎذ ج اﻟﺴــﻮﺑﺮﻧﻮﻓﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴــﺔ وإﺿــﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺘﺤﺴ ﻧﻤﺎذج أﺧ ﺮى ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ رؤى أﻋﻤﻖ ﺣـﻮل ا ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺎت اﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔـﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ . ﻳﻘﻮل ﻓ دﻳﻨﺎﻧﺪو ا ﺆﻟـﻒ ا ﺸﺎرك وﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﰲ ا ﺮﺻـﺪ اﻻوروﺑـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ":” ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻻ ﻳﻌﻴـﺪ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻨـﺎ ﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎرات اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم، ﺑـﻞ ﻳﱪﻫﻦ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﺪود وﻳﺆﻛﺪ اﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون اﻟﺪوﱄ وﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺮﺻﺪﻳﺔ ا ﺘﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺸﻒ اﴎار اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ . إﻧﻪ ﺗﺬﻛ ﻗـﻮي ﺑـﺄن اﻟﻔﻀـﻮل واﻟﺘﻌـﺎون وﴎﻋـﺔ اﻟﺘﺤـﺮك ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﻔــﺘﺢ آﻓﺎﻗًـﺎ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﻧﻨـﺎ وﺗﻘﻮد اﱃ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت ﻏ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ . - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 6