Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2026 ARABIC VERSION

JANUARY-FEBRUARY2026 23 Thetwoobjectsare46billionmiles apart. Observing planet and moon formationisfundamentaltounder- standingtheevolutionofplanetary systems across our galaxy. Moons likelyoutnumberplanets,andsome might be habitats for life as we knowit.Butweareonlynowenter- ing an era where we can witness theirformation.Thisdiscoveryfos- tersabetterunderstandingofplan- et and moon formation, say re- searchers. Webb’s data is invaluable for mak- ing comparisons to our solar sys- tem'sbirthover4billionyearsago. “We can see evidence of the disk aroundthecompanion,andwecan study the chemistry for the first time.We'renotjustwitnessing moon formation— we'realsowitnessing this planet’s forma- tion,” said co-lead author Sierra Grant oftheCarnegieInsti- tution for Science in Washington. “Weareseeingwhat materialisaccreting to build the planet and moons,” added main lead author Gabriele Cugno of the University of Zürich and member of the National Cen- terofCompetencein Research PlanetS. In- frared observations ofCTChabwere made with Webb’s MIRI (Mid-In- frared Instrument) using its medium resolution spectrograph. An initial look into Webb’s archival data re- vealed signs of molecules within the circumplanetary disk, which moti- vated a deeper dive into the data. Because the planet’s faint signal is buried in the glare of the host star, the researchers had to disentangle the light of the star from the planet using high-contrast methods. “We sawmoleculesatthelocationofthe planet, and so we knew that there was stuff in there worth digging for and spending a year trying to tease out of the data. It really took a lot of perseverance,” said Grant. Ulti- mately, the team discovered seven carbon-bearingmoleculeswithin the planet’s disk, including acety- lene (C 2 H 2 ) and benzene (C 6 H 6 ). This carbon-richchemistryisinstarkcon- trast to the chemistry seen in the disk around the host star, where the researchers found water but no car- bon. The difference between thetwo disks offers evidence for their rapidchemicalevolutionoveronly 2 million years. A circumplanetary disk has longbeen hypothesized as the birth-place of Jupiter’s four major moons. These Galilean satellites must have condensed out of such a flattened disk billions of years ago, as evident in their co-planar orbits about Jupiter. The two outermost Galilean moons, Ganymede and Callisto, are 50% water ice. But they presum-ably have rocky cores, perhaps ei- ther of carbon or silicon. “We want to learn more about how our solar system formed moons. This means that we need to look at other sys- tems that are still under construc- tion. We’re trying to understandhowitallworks,” saidCugno . “How do these moons come to be? What are their ingredients? What physical processes are at play, and over what timescales? Webb allows ustowitnessthedramaofmoonfor- mation and investigate these ques- tions observationally for the first time.” In the coming year, the team will use Webb to perform a compre- hensive survey of similar objects, to better understand the diversity of physical and chemical properties in thedisksaroundyoungplanets.  رﺳﻢ ﺗﺨ ﻠﻲ ﻟﻘﺮصﻣﻦ اﻟﻐ ﺎرواﻟﻐﺎز ﺪورﺣﻮل اﻟ ﻮﻛﺐ اﻟـ ـ ﺨﺎرﺟﻲ أروﻧـﻎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ُﻌـﺪ ﻋــﺪة ﺳــﻨﻮاتﺿــﻮﺋ ﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻷرض . ﺗﺸــ ﺑ ﺎﻧــﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴــﻞ اﻟﻄ ﻔــﻲﻣــﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮبﺟــ ﻤﺲ و ﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮ ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻘﺮص ﻳﺤﺘﻮيﻋﻠـ ـﻮﻳﻦ ـﺔ ﻟﺘ ﻰ اﻟﻤـﻮاد اﻷوﻟ اﻷﻗﻤـــﺎر ﺛﻨـــﺎﺋ : ﻣﺜـــﻞ و ﻲ اﻷﺳـــ ﺘ ﻠ ـــﺪروﺟ ﺳـــ ﺎﻧ ﺪ اﻟﻬ ﺑـــﺮوﺑ و أﺳـــ ﺘ ﻠ و ﺜـــﺎن واﻹ و ﺛـﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴــ ﺪ اﻟ ﻜﺮـﻮن ــ . ﻦ واﻟ ﻈﻬـﺮ اﻟ ﻮﻛــﺐ ﻓـﻲ أﺳــﻔﻞ اﻟ ﻤـ ــﺔ ﺑ ﻨﻤــﺎ ﻤﻜـﻦ رؤ ﻧ ﻤﮫ اﻟﻤﻀ ﻒواﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﻤﺤ ﻂ ﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ـ . ﺨﻠﻔ ﺔ [NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Gabriele Cugno (University of Zürich, NCCR PlanetS), Sierra Grant (Carnegie Institution for Science), Joseph Olmsted (STScI), Leah Hustak (STSc ) ] ﻳﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎن ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺣﻮاﱄ 46 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻣﻴﻞ . ﻳُﻌﺪ رﺻﺪ ﺗﻜـﻮّن اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ وا ﻷﻗﻤﺎر أﻣﺮاً أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎً ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻷﻧﻈﻤـﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﱪ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ . ﻣﻦ ا ﺮﺟﺢ أن ﺗﻜﻮّن اﻷﻗﻤﺎر أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺪداً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻜـﻮن ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﺑﻴﺌﺎت ﺻـﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴـﺎة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ وﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻓﻘـﻂ اﻵن ﻧـﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﴫاً ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ . ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن إن ﻫـﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﻳﻌـﺰز ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮّن اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ واﻷﻗﻤﺎر . ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ ﻻ ﺗﻘـﺪر ﺑﺜﻤﻦ ﻹﺟﺮاء ﻣﻘﺎرﻧـﺎت ﻣـﻊ وﻻدة ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨـﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ﻗﺒﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ ٤ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎرات ﺳـﻨﺔ . ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ا ﺆﻟﻔﺔ ا ﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﺳﻴ ا ﺟﺮاﻧـﺖ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴـﺔ ﻛـﺎرﻧﻴﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻠـﻮم ﰲ واﺷـﻨﻄﻦ : ” ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ رؤﻳـﺔ أدﻟـﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻘـﺮص ﺣـﻮل اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ا ﺮا ﻓﻖ وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ دراﺳـﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎء . ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻧﺤﻦ ﻻ ﻧﺸﻬﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻜﻮّن اﻷﻗﻤﺎر . ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻧﺤـﻦ ﻻ ﻧﺸـﻬﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻜـﻮّن اﻷﻗﻤـﺎر ﺑـﻞ ﻧﺸﻬﺪ أﻳﻀـﺎً ﺗﻜـﻮّن ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ . “ وأﺿﺎف ا ﺆﻟـﻒ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘ ﻏﺎﺑﺮﻳﻴـﻞ ﻛﻮﻏﻨـﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ زﻳﻮرخ وﻋﻀﻮ ا ﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻔـﺎءات اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ :" ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧـﺮى ا ـﻮاد اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺘﺠﻤــﻊ ﻟﺒﻨــﺎء اﻟﻜﻮﻛــﺐ واﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﺗـﻢ ﻟﻘﺪ ". رﺻـﺪ اﻷﺷ ـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ ـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ ـﺮاء ﻠﻟ ﻜﻮﻛــﺐ CT Cha b ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام أداة ( ﻣـ ي ) أداة اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ا ﺘﻮﺳــﻄﺔ ( ﻋــﲆ ﻣــﺘﻦ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ ﻣﻊ اﺳـــﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻬ ـــﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺪﻗـﺔ . وﻛﺸـﻒ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ . وﻛﺸﻒ اﻻﻃـﻼع اﻷ ﱄ ﻋ ﲆ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت أرﺷﻴﻒ وﻳﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻣـﺎت ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎت داﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﺮص ا ﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﺣﻔـﺰ اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻐـﻮص ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ أﻋﻤـﻖ ﰲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت . اً ﻧﻈﺮ ﻷن إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻄﻤﻮرة ﰲ وﻫﺞ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ا ﻀـﻴﻒ اﺿـﻄﺮ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺿـﻮء اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ﻋـﻦ ﺿـﻮء اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃـﺮق ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﺒـﺎﻳﻦ . ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺮاﻧـﺖ :" رأﻳﻨـﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎت ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ اﻟﻜﻮﻛــﺐ وﻋﻠﻤﻨــﺎ ﺣﻴﻨﻬـﺎ أن ﻫﻨـﺎك ﻣــﻮاد ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ وإﻧﻔـﺎق ﻋـﺎم ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﺳـﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻟﻘـﺪ و ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ ا ﺜﺎﺑﺮة ." ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺳـﺒﻌ ﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن داﺧﻞ ﻗﺮص اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ أ ﻻ اﻟ ﺳـﻴﺘﻴﻠ و ﺒﻨـﺰﻳﻦ وﺗﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎء اﻟﻐﻨﻴـﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﺧﺘﻼﻓـﺎً واﺿـﺤًﺎ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎء اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻟﻮﺣﻈـﺖ ﰲ واﺿﺤًﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ رﺻﺪت ﰲ اﻟﻘﺮص ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﻀﻴﻒ ﺣﻴﺚ وﺟـﺪ اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮن ا ﺎء وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋـﲆ أي ﻛﺮﺑـﻮن . وﻳﻘﺪم ﻫﺬا اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﺑ اﻟﻘﺮﺻ دﻟﻴﻼً ﻋﲆ ﺗﻄﻮرﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ اﻟ ـ ﴪﻳﻊ ﺧـﻼل ﻓـﱰة ﻗﺼ ة ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ . ﻟﻄﺎ ﺎ ﺗﻢ اﻓـﱰاض وﺟـﻮد ﻗـﺮص ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﻛﻤﻜﺎن ﻟﺘﻜﻮّن اﻷﻗﻤـﺎر اﻷرﺑﻌـﺔ اﻟﻜﱪى ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ا ﺸﱰي وﻳﺠـﺐ أن ﺗﻜـﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﺜﻔﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺮص ا ﺴﻄﺢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات اﻟﺴﻨ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﻀـﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪاراﺗﻬﺎ ا ﺸﱰﻛﺔ ﺣﻮل ا ﺸـﱰي . أﻣـﺎ اﻟﻘﻤــﺮان اﻷﺑﻌــﺪان ﻏ ﺎﻧﻴﻤﻴــﺪ وﻛﺎﻟﻴﺴــﺘﻮ ﻓﻴﺘﻜﻮﻧﺎن ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ 50 % ﻣﻦ ﺟﻠﻴﺪ ا ﺎء وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻔﱰض أن ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻮى ﺻﺨﺮﻳﺔ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن أو اﻟﺴﻴﻠ ﻴﻜﻮن . ﻗﺎل ﻛﻮﻏﻨـﻮ :” ﻧﺮﻳـﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ا ﺰﻳـﺪ ﺣـﻮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟـ . ﺸﻤﴘـ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﻨـﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﺟـﺔ إﱃ دراﺳـﺔ أﻧﻈﻤـﺔ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﻗﻴـﺪ اﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﳾء ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ا ﻌﻘﺪة ﺑ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر . وأﺿـﺎف : ﻛﻴـﻒ ﺗﺘﻜﻮّن ﻫﺬه اﻷﻗﻤﺎر؟ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﻮ ﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ؟ ﻣـﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوراً؟ وﻋﲆ أي ﻣـﺪى زﻣﻨـﻲ ﺗﺤـﺪث ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺘﻐ ات ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻨﻈﺎم؟ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪة دراﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮّن اﻷﻗﻤﺎر واﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ رﺻﺪﻳﺎً ﻷول ﻣﺮة . ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌـﺎم اﻟﻘـﺎدم ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳ ﺐ ﻹﺟﺮاء ﻣﺴﺢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ودﻗﻴـﻖ ﺟﺮام ﻷ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺑﻬﺪف ﻓﻬﻢ أﻓﻀـﻞ ﻟﺘﻨـﻮع اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ وا ﻌﻘﺪة وا ﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﺪاً وا ﻔﻴﺪة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒـ ﰲ اﻷﻗﺮاص ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺸﺎﺑﺔ . 23 - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 6 Benzene Carbon Dioxide C 6 H 6 CO2