Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2026 ARABIC VERSION

JANUARY-FEBRUARY2026 tem to correct the blur causedbytheEarth’sat- mosphere — with ad- vanced state-of-the-art sensors and deformable mirrors. Until now, for the VLTI, adaptive-optics corrections have been done by pointing to bright reference stars that need to be close to the target, limiting the number of objects we can observe. With the installation of a laser at each of the UTs,a bright artificial star is created 90 km above Earth’s surface, enabling the correction of atmos- pheric blur anywhere on the sky. This unlocks the whole southern sky tothe VLTI and enhances its observingpowerdra- matically. “Thisopensuptheinstru- ment to observations of objects in theearlydistantUni- verse, such as a quasar we studied, where we resolvedthehot,oxygen emitting gas very close to the black hole,” says TaroShimizu,anMPEas- tronomerwhoisamem- ber of the instrument consortium. With lasers on the tele- scopes used by the VLTI, astronomers will be able to study distant active galaxies and directly measure the mass of the supermassive black holes that power them, as well as observe young stars and the planet-forming discs around them. The VLTI’s improved ca- pabilities will drastically increasetheamountof through the system, making the fa- cilityupto10timesmoresensitive. “A big goal of GRAVITY+is to allow for deep ob- servations of faint tar- gets,” explains Julien Woillez, an ESO as- tronomer and GRAVITY+ project scientist. This increased ability to detect dimmer objects willallowobservationsof isolated stellar black holes, free-floating plan- ets that do not orbit a parentstarandstarsclos- est to the Milky Way’s supermassive black hole Sgr A*. A first target for the GRAVITY+andESOteams at Paranal performing test observations using thenewlaserswasaclus- terofmassivestarsatthece ntre of the Tarantula Nebula,astar-forming region in our neighbouring galaxy the Large Magellanic Cloud. These first observations revealed that a bright object in the nebula, thought to be an ex- tremely massive single star,isactuallyabinaryof twostarsclosetogether. Thisshowcasesthestun- ningcapabilitiesandsci- entific potential of the upgraded VLTI. This improvement is be- yond just an update and wasfirstenvisioneddec- ades ago. The laser sys- tem was suggested inthe final report of the “Very Large Telescope Project” in 1986 before theVLTIevenexisted: “If it could work in practice, it would be a break- through,” the report stated.Nowthisbreak- lightthatcantravel throughisareality.   https://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/videos/eso2519c/ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 17 وﻗﺪ ا ﺳﺘﻤﺮت ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﱰﻗﻴﺎت ﻟﻌﺪة ﺳﻨﻮات وﺗﺸـﻤﻞ ﺗﻄـﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺒـ ـ ﴫﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ وﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺼﺤ ﺢ اﻟﺘﺸـﻮه اﻟﻨ ـﺎﺗﺞ ﻋــﻦ اﻟﻐ ـﻼف اﻟﺠ ـﻮي ﻟﻸرض ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﺎت ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣــﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ـﺔ اﻷ داء وﻣﺮاﻳـﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻜّﻞ ﻣـﻦ أﺣـﺪث ﻣـﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ إﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت . إﱃ اﻵن ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴـــﺒﺔ ﻘﻴـــﺎ س اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟـﺪ اً ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺼـﺤﻴﺤﺎت اﻟﺒﴫـﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻔﻴــﺔ ﺗــﺘﻢ ﻋــﱪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴــﻪ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﺠﻮم ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺳ ﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﻋـﺪد اﻷﺟﺮام اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺘﻬـ . ﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﻟﻴـ ﺰر ﰲ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﺠﻢ اﺻـﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺳـﺎﻃﻊ ﻋـﲆ ارﺗﻔﺎع 90 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض، ﻣﻤــﺎ ﻳﺘــﻴﺢ ﺗﺼــﺤﻴﺢ ضر ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ اﻟﺠﻮي ﰲ أي ﻣﻜـﺎن ﰲ اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء . ﻫـﺬا ﻳﻔـﺘﺢ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ أﻣﺎم ﻣ ﻘﻴـﺎس اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟـﺪ اً وﻳﻌﺰز ﻗﺪراﺗﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒ . ﻳﻘﻮل ﺗﺎرو ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺰو ﻋـﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻠـﻚ ﰲ ﻣ ﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ وﻋﻀﻮ ﰲ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻷداة ﻫﺬا ”: ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ا ﺠﺎل ﻟﻸداة ﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻷ ﺟﺮام ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪ واﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻟ ﻜـﻮازار اﻟـﺬي درﺳﻨﺎه ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻐـﺎز اﻟﺴـﺎﺧﻦ ا ﻨﺒﻌـﺚ ﻣﻨـﻪ اﻷﻛﺴـﺠ ﺑـﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﺟـﺪ اً ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد . ﻣـﻊ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻠﻴﺰر ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜ ﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻘﻴ ـﺎ س اﻟﺘ ـﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪ اً اﻟ ﺳﻴﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة وﻗﻴﺎس ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء ﻓﺎﺋﻘـ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺸـﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸــﻜﻞ ﻣﺒ ـﺎﴍ ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ـﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ رﺻﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺸﺎﺑﺔ واﻷﻗﺮاص اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻴﺔ ا ﺤﻴﻄـﺔ ﺑﻬـﺎ واﻟﺘـﻲ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻴﺔ ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ واﻟ ـ ﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺣ ﻮﻟﻬﺎ ـ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ إن. اﻟﻘﺪرات ا ﺤﺴ ﻨﺔ ﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟ ﻠﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒـ ﺟــﺪ اً ﻋـﲆ زﻳﺎدة ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﱪ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒ ﻣﻤــﺎ ﻳﺠﻌــﻞ ا ﻨﺸــﺄة أﻛﺜــﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ذي ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗـﺪ ﺑﻤـﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﱃ 10 . ﻣﺮات ﻳﴩح ﺟﻮﻟﻴﺎن وﻳ ﻋﺎﻟ ﻠﺰ ﻢ ﻓﻠـﻚ ﰲ ا ﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﺑـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑ ﻲ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ا ﺴﺌﻮل ﴩوع ـ ﻋﻦ ﻣـ ﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺘﻲ ": + إن اﻟ اﻟ ﻬﺪف ﻜﺒـ ﻟﻬﺬا ا ﴩوع ﻫﻮ ﺗﻤﻜ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻴــﻖ ﻟﻸﻫــﺪاف اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘــﺔ . ﻦ ﻫﺬه ﺳﺘﻤﻜ اﻟﻘـﺪرة ا ﺘﺰاﻳـﺪة ﻋﲆ رﺻﺪ اﻷ ﺟﺮام اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌـــﺔ اﻟﺜﻘــﻮب اﻟﺴــﻮداء ا ﻌﺰوﻟــﺔ واﻟﻜﻮاﻛــ ﺐ اﻟﺤــﺮة ) اﻟﺸﺎردة ا ( ﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗـﺪور ﺣـﻮل ﻧﺠﻢ واﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷﻗﺮب إﱃ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺠﺮ ﺗﻨـﺎ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧ ـﺔ ا ﻌ ـﺮوف ﺑﺎﺳ ـﻢ ﺳﺎﺟﻴﺘﺎرﻳﻮس A * . ﻛـﺎن اﻟﻬـﺪف اﻷول ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘـﻲ إن اﻟﻬﺪف اﻷول ﻔﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺮﺻﺪ اﻻوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﰲ ﺑﺎراﻧﺎل وﻣﴩوع ﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺘﻲ + إﺟ ــﺮاء اﺧﺘﺒـــﺎرات اﻟﺮﺻـــﺪ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻠﻴـﺰرات اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻀــﺨﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛــﺰ ﺳــﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮت وﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮّن ﻧﺠﻮم ا ﺠﺮة ﰲ ا ﺠﺎورة ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﻼن اﻟﻜ .ﱪى ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻷوﱃ أن ﺎً ﻻﻣﻌ ﺟﺮﻣﺎً ﰲ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺛﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻀـﻢ ﻧﺠﻤــ ﻣﺘﻘــﺎرﺑ ﻣــﺎﻳﱪز اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧــﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﻘﻴــﺎس اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟـ اً ﺪ وﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﻋﺎم 1986 وذﻟـﻚ ﻗﺒـﻞ إﻧﺸﺎء ا ﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺎسﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻧﻈـﺎم اﻟﻠﻴـﺰر إذا أﻣ ﻜـﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴًﺎ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮن ا ﻧﺠﺎزاً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻴﻮم وﺑﻜﻞ ﻓﺨـﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ واﻗﻌﺔ . - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 6 ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺘ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟ ﻘﻄﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨ ﺼﺔ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺎراﻧﺎلﻓﻲ أواﺋﻞ ﻧﻮﻓﻤ أﺷﻌﺔ ـــﺎ اﻟﻠـــ روﻫـــﻲ ﺗﺘﺠـــﮫ ﻧﺤـــﻮ ﺳـــﺪ ﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒـــﻮت أﺛﻨـــﺎء رﺻـــﺪ ﻫـــﺬا اﻟﻬـــﺪف ﺑﻮاﺳـــﻄﺔ ﻣﻘ س اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴ ﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪ اً اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟ ـ . ﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ أُﺟﺮﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻷرﺻﺎد ــﺎراﻟــ ﺿــﻤﻦ أﻧﺸــﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺸـــﻐﻴﻞ واﻻﺧﺘ ـ ـــﺔ ﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻗ أداة ﻏــﺮاﻓ + ﻟﻠﺘــﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻀـــﻮﺋﻲ ـــﺔ اﻟﺪﻓـــﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺼـــﻠﺔ واﻟﻤـــﺰودة ﻘـــﺪرات ﻋﺎﻟ ـــﺎ ﻤﻘ س اﻟﺘـــﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴـــ ﻮب اﻟﻜﺒـــ ﺟـــﺪ اً ﺣ ﺚ ﻳﺠﺮيدﻣﺞ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻘﺎدم ﻣﻦ أرﻌﺔ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮ ﺎت ﻳ ﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ 8 أﻣﺘﺎر ﻊ وﻣـ ـــﻞ ﻟـــ ر ﻧ ﻤـــ ـــﻞ ﺗﻠﺴـــ ﻮب ﻨﺸـــﺊ ـــﺐ ﻧﻈـــﺎم ﻟـــ رﻋﻠـــﻰ ﺗﺮﻛ ﺎً اﺻـــﻄﻨﺎﻋ ﺎً ﺎً ﺳـــﺎﻃﻌ ﻋﻠـــﻰ ارﻔـــﺎع ﻧﺤـــﻮ 90 اً ﻛ ﻠـــﻮﻣ ﻓـــﻮقﺳـــﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺗﺼـــﺤﻴﺢ اﻻﺿــــﻄﺮا ﺎت ﺴـــﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﺴـــ ـاﻟ . ﺠﻮ ﺔ [ESO/A. Berdeu] ﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﺬ ﻣﮫ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻼﻧﻚ ﻟﻠﻔ ﺎء ﺧﺎرج اﻷرض ﻣﺴـــ ﺎر اﻟﻀـــﻮء داﺧــــﻞ ﺟﻬـــﺎز ﻏــــﺮاﻓ + وﻫـــﻮ ﺟﻬــــﺎزوﺗﺤـــﺪ ﺚ ﻛﺒــــ وﻣﻌﻘـــﺪ ﻟﻤﻘ ــــﺎس ﺗــﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﺴــ ﻮب اﻟﻜﺒــ ﺟــﺪًا اﻟﺘــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻــﺪ اﻷوروﺑـﻲ ا ﻨــﻮﺑﻲ . أﺛﻨــﺎء اﻧﺘﻘــﺎل اﻟﻀــﻮء ـﻮﻧﻲ إﻟـﻰوﺣـﺪات اﻟﺘﻠﺴـ ﻮ ﺎت اﻟﻔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺼـﺪر ـﺎس اﻟﺘـﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻜﺒـ ﺟــﺪ ـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﻘ ﺮد اً ﺛـﻢ داﺧــ ــﺎس اﻟﺘــﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻜﺒــ ﺟــﺪ ﻞ أﻧﻔــﺎق ﻣﻘ اً ــﺚ ﺣ ــﻞ ـﺪﻣﺞ ﺗﻄﻠــﻖ أﺷــﻌﺔ اﻟﻠــ ر ﻣــﻦ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮب ﺗ. ﺴــﺘﺨﺪم ــﻢ اﺻــﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ــﻞ أﺷــﻌﺔ ﻟــ ر ﻹﻧﺸــﺎء ﻧ ﺴــﺘﺨﺪﻣﮫ ﻋﻠﻤــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـــﻚ ـــــﺎسوﺗﺼـــــﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﺘﺸـــــﻮ ﺶ اﻟﻨـــــﺎﺗﺞ ﻋـــــﻦ اﻟﻐـــــﻼف اﻟـــــ ﻟﻘ ـ ﺠﻮي ﻟـــــﻸرض ﻣﻤـــــﺎ ﻳﺤﺴـــــﻦ دﻗـــــﺔ ــــﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺻـــﻴﻞ أدق ﻓــــﻲ اﻷﺟـــﺮام ا اﻟﻘ ﺎﺳـــﺎت و ﺘـــﻴﺢ ﻣﺮاﻗ ــــﺪة ﻋﻠـــﻰ ﻧﺤــــﻮٍ ﻟﺴـــﻤﺎو ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ . ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ [MPE/GRAVITY+ Collaboration]