Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2025 ARABIC VERSION

jects and the size of the Universe were the subjects of astronomy’s famous Great Debate, held in 1920 between astronomers Heber Curtis andHarlowShapley.Thedebatere- mained unsettled until 1924 when EdwinHubble,usingtheHookerTel- escopeatMountWilsonObserva- the nebulae to calculate how far they were from Earth. The results were decisive; they were far beyond the Milky Way. Astronomers’ notion of the cosmos underwent a dramatic shift, now populated with innumer- able strange, far-off galaxies aslarge and complex as our own. As imaging techniques have im- proved, piercing ever more deeply into space, astronomers have been able to look closer and closer at these ‘island Universes’ to deduce what they might be like. For in- stance, researchers have observed powerful electromagnetic energy emanatingfromtheheartofNGC 1270,suggestingthatitharborsa frantically feeding supermassive blackhole.Thischaracteristicisseen in around 10% of galaxies and is de- tectable via the presence of an ac- cretiondisk—anintensevortexof matterswirlingaroundandgradu- allybeingdevouredbythecentral blackhole. It’snotonlytheindividualgalaxies thatastronomersareinterestedin; hintsatmanyongoingmysterieslie intheirrelationshiptoandinterac- tionswithoneanother.Forexample, the fact that huge groups like the PerseusClusterexistatallpointsto the presence of the enigmatic sub- stancewecalldarkmatter.Ifthere werenosuchinvisible,gravitation- ally interactive material, then as- tronomersbelievegalaxieswouldbe spread more or less evenly across space rather than collecting into denselypopulatedclusters.Current theories suggest that an invisible web of dark matter draws galaxies together at the intersections be- tween its colossal tendrils, where its gravitational pull is strongest. Although dark matter is invoked to explainobservedcosmicstructures, the nature of the substance itself remains elusive. As we look at im- ageslikethisone,andconsiderthe strides made in our understanding overthepastcentury,wecansense a tantalizing hint of just how much more might be discovered in the decadestocome.Perhapshiddenin imageslikethisarecluestothenext big breakthrough. How much more will we know about our Universe in anothercentury?     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 18 أﻋﻠﻰ : وأﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺮة NGC 1270 ﻫﻲﻣ ﺠﺮد ﻋﻀﻮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ﺑﺮﺷﺎوس وﻫـﻲ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﻦ آﻻف اﻟﻤﺠﺮات ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻌـﺪ ﺣـﻮاﻟﻲ 240 ـﺔ ﻣﻠﻴـﻮنﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋ ﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرضﻓـﻲ ﻮﻛ ﺑﺮﺷـﺎوس . ﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟﺼــﻮرة اﻟــ ﺗــﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻬــﺎ ﻣﺘﻌــﺪد اﻷﺟــﺮام ـــ ــﺎفﺟ ﻤ ﻤﻄ ) GMOS ( ــ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮبﺟ ﻤ ﻧـــﻮر وﻫـﻮ ﺿـﻤﻦ ـ ﺗﺪﻋﻤـﮫ ﺟﺰ اﻟـﺪوﻟﻲواﻟـﺬ ـ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﺟ ﻤ ﺎً ﻣﺆﺳﺴـﺔ ــﺪﻳﺮﻩ ـﺔ و ـﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻜ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨ ﻣﺨﺘ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻂﻣ ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺒﻬﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻤﺠﺮاتﻓﻲاﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺔ ﻣﻦﻫﺬ اﻟ ا ﻌﻨﻘﻮد اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ . [Imagesand Videos: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/N. Bartmann (NSF NOIRLab) − Image Processing: J. Miller &M. Rodriguez (International Gem- iniObservatory/NSFNOIRLab),T.A.Rector(UniversityofAlaskaAnchorage/NSF NOIRLab), M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab) − Ack.:PI: Jisu Kang (Seoul National Uni- versity) −Music: Zero-project - Through the Looking Glass (zero-project.gr )] ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺟﺮام اﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ا ﻨﺎ ﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﻜﱪى اﻟﺸـﻬ ة ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻘـﺪت ﰲ ﻋـﺎم 1920 ﺑ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴ ﻫﻴﱪ ﻛ ﺗﺲ وﻫﺎرﻟﻮ ﺷـﺎﺑﲇ . وﻇﻠﺖ ا ﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻏ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻋـﺎم 1924 ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﺎم إدوﻳﻦ ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗ ﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﻮﻛﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﺎوﻧﺖ وﻳﻠﺴـﻮن ﺑﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم داﺧﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺴﺪم ﻟﺤﺴـﺎب ﻣﺪى ﺑﻌـﺪﻫﺎ ﻋـﻦ اﻷرض وﻛﺎﻧـﺖ اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﺎرج ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺠـﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ وﺧﻀﻊ ﻣﻔ ﻬﻮم ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن ﻟ ﺘﺤـﻮل ﻛﺒـ ﺣﻴــﺚ أﺻـﺒﺢ اﻵن ﻣـﺄ ﻫﻮﻻً ﺑﻤﺠﺮات ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺣﴫ ﻟﻬﺎ وﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ وﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﻫﺎ . ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺎت اﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ واﺧﱰاﻗﻬـﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻋﻤﻖ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء أﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻗـﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋــﲆ اﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﻋـﻦ ﻗـﺮب إﱃ ﻫـﺬه اﻷ " ﻛــﻮان اﻟﺠﺰرﻳــﺔ " ﻻﺳــﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﺷــﻜﻠﻬﺎ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻞ . ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜﺎل رﺻـﺪ اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜ ﻮن ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺒﻌـﺚ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﻠﺐ ا ﺠﺮة NGC 1270 ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸ إﱃ أﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻐـﺬى ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﻤـﻮم . ﺗُـﺮى ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺨﺎﺻـﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻮاﱄ 10 % ﻣﻦ ا ﺠﺮات وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻛ ﺘﺸـﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل وﺟﻮد ﻗﺮص ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻲ ﻋﺒـﺎرة ﻋـﻦ دوا ﻣـﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻔـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ا ـﻮاد ﺗـﺪور ﺣﻮﻟﻬـﺎ ﻠﺘﻬﻳو ﻤﻬﺎ ا ﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ا ﺮﻛﺰي ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴ .ﺎً ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻋﻠ ﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺠﺮات اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ إن اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻷﴎار اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻣـﺎ زاﻟـﺖ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﻀـﻬﺎ اﻟـﺒﻌﺾ وﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ . ﻋـﲆ ﺳــﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜـﺎل ﺗﺸـ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺔ وﺟـﻮد ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ﺑﺮﺷﺎوس إﱃ وﺟﻮد ﻣ ﺎدة ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ا ﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ وﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه ا ﺎدة ﻏ ا ﺮﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺟﺬﺑﻴﺎً ﻓﺈن ﻋﻠﻤ ﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪون أن ا ﺠﺮات ـﺗﻨ ﺳﺔف ﺘﴩ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴـﺎوٍ ﺎً ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﻋﱪ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ﺑـﺪﻻً ﻣـ ﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﻤـﻊ ﰲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ . ﺗﺸ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ إﱃ أن ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻏـ ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺠﺬب ا ﺠﺮ ات ﻣﻌ ﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ ا ﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎت ﺑـ ﻣﺠﺴـﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻀـﺨﻤﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺘﻬﺎ اﻷﻗﻮى وﻋـﲆ اﻟـﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء ا ﺎدة ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴـ اﻟﺒﻨـﻰ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ا ﺮﺻﻮدة، ﻓﺈن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ا ﺎدة ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 5 اﻟ ﺼﻮر ا ﺨﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ أدﻟـﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻜﺒ اﻟﻘﺎدم . ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴـﺪ ا ﺠﺮات ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ " آﻟﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺘـﻲ " ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﻜﻮن وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ وﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻗﻮاﻧ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻤﻪ . ﻓﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺳﻮف ﻧﻌﺮﻓ ﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜـﻮن ﺧﻼل ا ﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺎم اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ؟ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ا ﺮﺻﻮدة ﻓﺈن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ا ﺎدة ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺗﻈﻞ . ﻣﺤ ة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ ﺻﻮر ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه ﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴ ـﺪ ا ﺠـﺮات وﻧﺘﺄﻣـﻞ اﻟﺘﻘـﺪم اﻟ ـﺬي أﺣﺮزﻧﺎه ﰲ ﻓ ﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن ﻋﲆ ﻣـﺪى اﻟﻘـﺮن ا ﺎﴈ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻧﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺤـﺎً ﻣﺜ اً ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم إﱃ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻗـﺪ ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ورﺑﻤـﺎ ﺗﻜـﻮن ـــ